[35]:226[50] Later Ottoman minarets also became plainer and more uniform in design. The Minaret (Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art) Hardcover - Download: Adobe Reader, January 31, 2013. the tall slender tower of an Islamic mosque, from which the muezzin recites the adhan (call to prayer) https://www.definitions.net/definition/minaret. "minaret." Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. These include the countries of Iran, Egypt, India, Morocco, Spain, Syria, and . WILL YOU SAIL OR STUMBLE ON THESE GRAMMAR QUESTIONS? Definition of minaret noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, and gallery. The oldest minaret in the world is in Kairouan, Tunisia. [29]:30[31], Bloom also argues that the early Abbasid minarets were not built to host the call to prayer, but were instead adopted as symbols of Islam that were suited to important congregational mosques. Artists famous for Performance Art include John Cage and Allan Kaprow. The practice of the call for prayer or adhan became a customary part of religious rituals in the second year of the Hijra (623-24 CE). sung by a muezzin present in the minaret, or a recording of him amplified by a loudspeaker. Choli minaret is dated to the Atabag period and was built by ruler of Erbil Muzaffar al-Din Kukburi (1168-1233) brother in law of well known Salahaddin. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2022) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Muslims are called to the five scheduled daily prayers (salat) by a formal announcement, called the adhan. A minaret is a "lighthouse or beacon". Over all rises the square, crescent-crowned minaretno belfry, but a steeple where the chimes are rung by the human voice. World History Encyclopedia. mina-ret, n. a turret on a Mohammedan mosque, from which the people are summoned to prayers. The discussion has been sometimes analytical, sometimes passionate, sometimes humorous. Erzurum ( Armenian: , romanized : Karin; [1] Kurdish: Erzirom [2]) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. 24, March, 1873. Both words derive from the Arabic root n-w-r, which has a meaning related to "light". The minaret has been used for centuries by muezzins (Arabic mu'adhdhinun, Muslim criers) for the call to daily prayers, but its original use is unclear. a high platform or pulpit in a mosque arabesques European term for a type of linear surface decoration based on foliage and calligraphic forms, thought by Europeans to be typical of Islamic art and usually characterized by flowing lines and swirling shapes ablaq masonry Juxtaposition of stone of contrasting colors joggled voussoirs The minaret is the architectural shape which best indicates the presence of mosque. Minaret Vector Art - 2,462 royalty free vector graphics and clipart matching Minaret. It is surrounded by one or more projecting galleries from where the muezzin, the person who chants the call for prayer, announces the prayer to worshippers in the Muslim community. The minaret was not part of the architecture of the early Islamic period. design styles for web or mobile (iOS and Android) design, marketing, or developer projects. [3][16], Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region. the minarets of the Great Mosque of Chefchaouen, the Great Mosque of Ouazzane, the Kasbah Mosque of Tangier, and the Great Mosque of Asilah in Morocco or the Ottoman-era minarets of Tunisia such as the Youssef Dey Mosque and the Hammouda Pacha Mosque. Minarets. The Minaret produces coins. Minaret Art | Etsy Check out our minaret art selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our digital prints shops. manarat, lighthousenar, fire. Today in Israel minarets are often decorated with green lights. [6]:76 The Abu Dulaf Mosque, built near Samarra and finished in 861, has a smaller minaret of similar shape. [6]:7279 These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1. He, therefore, suggests the minaret was inspired by a Damascan prototype and named Sawma'a due to its stocky appearance and similarity to the hermit cube. "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt. Such a tower is always connected with a mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries. The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, and gallery. [3] The summit often finishes in a lantern-like structure and/or a small dome, conical roof, or curving stone cap, which is in turn topped by a decorative metal finial. Another literal Arabic connotation for minaret is Sawma'a -'cloister' or 'cell'- a spiritual reference to the shining light of the lamp in the cloister. [3], In later periods, however, minarets in this region became generally less monumental in comparison with the mosques for which they were built. Minaret Art for Sale Art Zelin Bert Hardy Bettmann Jack Robinson John Moore Juj Winn Malte Mueller Martyn Goodacre Massimo Colombo Pop Culture Sports Styles Collections Music Fashion Rock Royalty MLB NBA View All Minaret Art 1 - 72 of 473 minaret art for sale 1 2 3 4 5 Next Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Gabrielle Therin-weise $86 The philosophical usefulness of a definition of art has also been debated. (noun) slender tower with balconiesWhat is Minare. [28]:21, A possible exception to the absence of tower minarets is documented in Caliph al-Walid's renovation of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina in the early 8th century, during which he built a tower, referred to as a manra, at each of the mosque's four corners. It appeared first in the 8th and 9th centuries in Arabia (Bor in Syria) and in the Islamic West (Rabat, Marrakesh . [2][3] They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires. These royalty-free high-quality Minaret Vector Icons are available in SVG, PNG, EPS, ICO, ICNS, AI, or PDF and are available as individual or icon packs.. You can also customise them to match your brand and color palette! Performance Art became a new and exciting way to present art to the general public. /mn.ret/ Definitions of minaret word noun minaret a lofty, often slender, tower or turret attached to a mosque, surrounded by or furnished with one or more balconies, from which the muezzin calls the people to prayer. Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012. a lofty, often slender, tower or turret attached to a mosque, surrounded by or furnished with one or more balconies, from which the muezzin calls the people to prayer. [25] The tradition of building pairs of minarets probably began in the 12th century, but it became especially prominent under the Ilkhanids (13th-14th centuries), who built twin minarets flanking important iwans such as the mosque's entrance. It is assumed to be a derivation of an older reconstructed form, manwara. Download high quality Minaret clip art graphics. MINARET. [29]:21[6]:4950 Historical sources also reference an earlier stone tower, called a manra, being added to the mosque of Basra in 665 by the Umayyad provincial governor. The Great Mosque of Samarra (848852) is accompanied by one of the earliest preserved minarets, a 50-metre-high (160ft) cylindrical brick tower with a spiral staircases wrapped around it, standing outside the walls of the mosque. Fill in the blank: I cant figure out _____ gave me this gift. manrat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. The minaret of the Ali Mosque, Isfahan, Iran. [3][49]:99100 Its height was only surpassed by the minarets of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (1574), which are 70.89 meters tall and are the tallest minarets in Ottoman architecture. [45][46] Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top of the minaret. "Art completes what nature cannot bring to a finish. Minaret : la dfinition simple du mot Minaret - La rponse votre question c'est quoi Minaret ? the tall slender tower of an Islamic mosque, from which the muezzin recites the adhan (call to prayer) noun. This configuration was particularly characteristic of Cairo. A set of two-dimensional Islamic architecture elements to compose mosques, minarets (towers), domes, doors, crescents and patterns for graphic designers and architects. . [25] In general, mosques in Anatolia had only one minaret and received decorative emphasis while most of the mosque remained plain. Every minaret photo of a minarethas a balcony that a muezzin (Muslim crier) uses to call the faithful to prayer five times a day.Nur in Semitic languages means "light." Hebrew menorah thus means a "holder of light" or "candelabrum." It has been speculated that the use of the same word in Arabic for a lighthouse and a mosque's tower is due to the resemblance of one to the other. Silhouette Skyline panorama of city of Lahore, Pakistan Silhouette Skyline panorama of city of Lahore, Pakistan - vector illustration . [6]:46[7]:132 The Arabic word manra (plural: manrt) originally meant a "lamp stand", a cognate of Hebrew menorah. The word 'minaret' is derived from the Arabic manarah, which means 'beacon', and refers to a lighthouse or signaling tower at sea. munara, minaret, , , munar, . A minaret ( / mnrt, mnrt /; [1] Arabic: , romanized : manra, or Arabic: , romanized: miana; Turkish: minare; Persian: , romanized : goldaste) is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. They do not appear to have been used for the call to prayer and may have been intended instead as visual symbols of the mosque's status. (Arch.) Find Minaret stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. [32]:312, Starting with the Seljuk period (11th and 12th centuries), minarets in Iran had cylindrical shafts with square or octagonal bases that taper towards their summit. Mayroong balkon ang minaret kung saan ang muezzin ay tumatawag sa mga Muslim na magdasal. Minarets originally served as illuminated watchtowers (hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light". STANDS4 LLC, 2022. [37]:9 Under the Fatimids (10th-12th centuries), new mosques generally lacked minarets. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2022, C17: from French, from Turkish, from Arabic, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition "Minaret." Eventually Congress learned the NSA was also snooping on U.S. citizens through programs code named Minaret and Shamrock. of 25. iStock logo Sponsored Vectors Click to reveal a promo code to Save 15% off ALL subscriptions and credits. Minarets provide a visual focal point and are used for the call to prayer. 135 Minaret Icons. nr to shine.] a slender tower of a mosque having one or more balconies from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer, How Beijing Is Redefining What It Means to Be Chinese, from Xinjiang to Inner Mongolia, Ava DuVernay on Selma, the Racist Sony Emails, and Making Golden Globes History, Spy Chief James Clapper: We Cant Stop Another Snowden, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Volume 11, No. Cite This Work A minaret (; , ,), from , "lighthouse", also known as Goldaste, is a distinctive architectural structure akin to a tower and typically found adjacent to mosques.Generally a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown, usually either free-standing or taller than associated support structure.The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, and gallery. Entdecke Tunis - Minaret de la Grande Mosquee -430734 in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! The question, "What is art?" has been asked by philosophers, authors, musicians and visual artists of all media. Choose your favorite minaret designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone cases, tote bags, and more! An entire city with a glorious past and ancient history lost its heritage and culture: the tomb of the Prophet Jonah, the minaret of Al-Hadba which is older than Iraq itself. Minaret as a noun means A tall slender tower attached to a mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a muezzin or a recording o.. [38] One unusual exception is the Mosque of al-Hakim, built between 990 and 1010, which has two minarets at its corners. [3][9] It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters. [25] Seljuk minarets were built of stone or brick, usually resting on a stone base, and typically had a cylindrical or polygonal shaft that is less slender than later Ottoman minarets. This style later became the basic standard form of Cairene minarets, while the makhbara-style summit disappeared. Most mosques have one or more small towers, which are usually placed at the corners. According to scholars, the expression manra was adapted from the Aramaic language, which when translated means candlestick. Despite the fact that minarets were not a familiar facet of the earliest mosques, these towers very soon adorned the skylines of Muslim cities and became synonymous with Muslim shrines, and every region developed their own signature styles. According to scholars, the expression manra was adapted from the Aramaic language, which when translated means "candlestick". Styles vary regionally and by period. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, which marks the direction of the qiblah for prayer. ainsi que des exemples d'expressions ou phrases employant le mot It represents the holy, pure and resolute soul, which is given to that perfect man who is worthy of heavenly light, and this meaning is inherent in the word 'minaret' itself. Covered in elaborate brickwork with a blue tile inscription at the top, it is noteworthy for the quality of its architecture and decoration, which represent the culmination of an architectural and artistic tradition in this region. [14] Some minaret traditions featured multiple balconies along the tower's shaft. [Sp. The mosque and the minaret merge aspects of Islamic and Chinese architecture. Al-Mutawakkil loved architecture. 11 Dec. 2022. [44][28], The minaret at the Great Mosque of Kairouan, built in 836 under Aghlabid rule, is the oldest minaret in North Africa and one of the oldest minarets in the world. In his article on the origins of the minaret, K.A.C. Hebrew menorah thus means a "holder of light" or "candelabrum." grammar. They became very ornate and usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. More specifically, referring to a small room or cell, with a pointed or tapering form, where a Christian monk would seclude himself. It is the largest city in and capital of Erzurum Province. The tallest minaret of this era, the Minaret of Jam, in a remote area of present-day Afghanistan, was built circa 1175 by the Ghurids and features elaborate brick decoration and inscriptions. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. [a][6] Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer. 1 noun minaret A tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer. A Chinese dynasty which lasted 1279-1368. [34][35]:69 It is categorized by the use of multiple minarets. [25][3] The erefeli Mosque in Edirne, finished in 1447, was the first sultanic mosque to have multiple minarets with multiple balconies. [9][11], The region's socio-cultural context have influenced the shape, size and form of minarets. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Minaret/. The second is a compliment to the artist, with 'fine art' being used to describe work that has required great skill or accomplishment to produce. [22][6] The earliest evidence of minarets being used for hosting the call to prayer dates to the 10th century and it was only towards the 11th century that minaret towers became a near-universal feature of mosques. Books Two examples of this style are the Mosque of al-Khaffafin and the Mosque of Qumriyya. The Definition of Art. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. minaret. The two towers have slightly different shapes: both have square bases but one has a cylindrical shaft above this and the other an octagonal shaft. There was a minaret directly across the narrow street, so we had the call to prayer almost over our heads five times a day. minaret See definition of minaret on Dictionary.com as in belfry as in column as in steeple as in tower as in turret synonyms for minaret Compare Synonyms campanile carillon cupola dome head spire steeple turret bell tower clocher Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright 2013 by the Philip Lief Group. At the. Dictionary.com Unabridged https://www.worldhistory.org/Minaret/. Definition of MINARET (noun): tower of Muslim religious building [22][23][24][3] Instead of towers, some Umayyad mosques were built with platforms or shelters above their roofs that were accessed by a staircase and from which the muezzins could issue the call to prayer. [3][25] Classical Ottoman minarets are described as "pencil-shaped" due to their slenderness and sharply-pointed summits, often topped with a crescent moon symbol. License. When motivated, its coin production is doubled and . [15][6] Different architectural traditions also placed minarets at different positions relative to the mosque. minaret | Art History Glossary minaret A tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which from which Muslims are called to prayer. minaret. This shows grade level based on the word's complexity. The Arabic form of the word is manarah, manara, or manar.In pre-Islamic Arabia, minarets were high places of light or fire, and served as beacons or markers to guide caravan routes. These characteristics lend to a very distinctive design. [40]:31[43]:26 The stone-carved decoration of the minaret also became very extensive and varied from minaret to minaret. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The less-often used Arabic phrase mi'dhana more appropriately conveys the purpose of the minaret. It is situated 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. A miniature painting is a very detailed, very small painting. It is great that we were able to save a part of this heritage. [6]:11Creswell attributed the origin of minaret towers to the influence of Syrian church towers and regarded the spiral or helicoidal minarets of the Abbasid period as deriving from local ziggurat precedents, but rejected the possible influence of the Pharos Lighthouse. We're talking tiny, but exactly how tiny varies between miniature painting societies around the world. World History Encyclopedia. The formation has provided the first known Late Cambrian archaeocyathid, and Knightoconus antarcticus, an ancestor to the . [6] Four towers were added to the Great Mosque of Mecca during its Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. [6] They served as a reminder that the region was Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture. The other word, manr (plural: man'ir or manyir), means "a place of light". minarete, Ar. Some minarets have two or three narrow staircases fitted inside one another in order to allow multiple individuals to safely descend and ascend simultaneously. [3][9] In Samarra, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in present-day Iraq, the Great Mosque of Samarra was built in the years 848852 and featured a massive helicoidal minaret behind its northern wall. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Minaret pronunciation | How to pronounce Minaret in English?/,mn`ret/Meaning of Minaret | What is Minaret? Ang mnart ay isang mataas na tore na karaniwan ay bahagi ng moske. [6]:75 Another important minaret for the architectural history of the region is the minaret built by Abd ar-Rahman III for the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 951952, which became the model for later minarets in the Maghreb and al-Andalus. The first is fine art which describes a form of creative visual art. [6]:8 Some scholars, such as A. J. Butler and Hermann Thiersch, agreed that the Syrian minarets were derived from church towers but also argued that the minarets of Egypt were inspired by the form of the Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria (which survived up until medieval times). The Minaret is a special building that is only obtainable by collecting fragments of the Minaret Selection Kit, given as a time reward for finishing a Mughal Empire Settlement within a certain amount of time. [6]:xvii,64, The oldest minarets in Iraq date from the Abbasid period. World History Encyclopedia, 06 Feb 2013. minaret: 1 n slender tower with balconies Type of: tower a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building [3][6] Stairs or ramps inside the tower climb to the top in a counter-clockwise fashion. Minarets with completely square or rectangular shafts reappeared at the very end of the Mamluk period during the reign of Sultan al-Ghuri (r. 15011516). Contemporary definitions can be classified with respect to the dimensions of art they emphasize. The Minaret Formation is a Late Cambrian limestone formation of the Heritage Group of Antarctica.The age of the formation is established to be Guzhangian to Cambrian Stage 10 (or Merioneth to Dresbachian in the regional stratigraphy), dated at ranging from 500 to 488 Ma.. (Architecture) a slender tower of a mosque having one or more balconies from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer 2. We care about our planet! [6]:23,28[3], The origin of the minaret is unclear. From the Taj Mahal to the greatest examples of silk Persian rugs, the history of Islamic art spans over a thousand years, crosses borders, and takes on a wide range of genres and forms.Today, the category of Islamic art itself encompasses all types of art that was created in areas where Islam was the main religion. World History Encyclopedia. What does the minaret symbolise? . As the caliph, the Muslim religious ruler of Samarra in modern-day Iraq, Al-Mutawakkil was obsessed with the creation of magnificent buildings. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The minaret rises higher above the mosque than the steeple usually does above the church. 11 Dec 2022. minaret (noun) minaret /mn rt/ noun plural minarets Britannica Dictionary definition of MINARET [count] : a tall, thin tower of a mosque with a balcony from which the people are called to prayer ASK THE EDITOR What are the plural forms of check-in, passerby, and spoonful? minaret (mnrt), tower, used in Islamic architecture, from which the faithful are called to prayer by a muezzin. The construction of minarets was greatly influenced by the region's society, culture and context which determined their shape, size and form. Whether art can be defined has also been a matter of controversy. Previous Post parchment Next Post lancet window Every minaret photo of a minarethas a balcony that a muezzin (Muslim crier) uses to call the faithful to prayer five times a day.Nur in Semitic languages means "light." Hebrew menorah thus means a "holder of light" or "candelabrum." The loftiness of the minaret signifies the high resolve of such a man, its strength signifies the fortitude which he shows at times of . A minaret is a religious symbol as well as an architectural feature. Minaret definition: A minaret is a tall thin tower which is part of a mosque. [4][5], Two Arabic words are used to denote the minaret tower: manra and manr. [48]:372, Ottoman architecture followed earlier Seljuk models and continued the Iranian tradition of cylindrical tapering minaret forms with a square base. A minaret is a distinctive architectural feature of Islamic mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown, usually either free standing or taller than any associated support structure. minareteAr. Minaret and pinnaret, battlement and shuttle-door, it was a perfect drug-store, nobly planned. [25], The rise of the Timurid Empire, which heavily patronized art and architecture, led to what is now called the "international Timurid" style which spread from Central Asia during and after the 15th century. Definitions.net. They are also known as a manr or manra in Arabic, meaning place of fire or light ( nar or nur ). Irrational fear or hatred of anything foreign or unfamiliar; different. Filters. Check out our minaret art selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. [34] Elsewhere in India, some cities and towns along the coast have small mosques with simple staircase minarets. Minaret inside the Islamic Museum of Australia. minaret / ( mnrt, mnrt) / noun a slender tower of a mosque having one or more balconies from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer any structure resembling this Derived forms of minaret minareted, adjective Word Origin for minaret C17: from French, from Turkish, from Arabic manrat lamp, from nr fire [9] In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the qibla wall. manrat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. This multi-tier design was only found in the minarets of the great mosques at Mecca and Medina at that time, suggesting a possible link to those designs. [3] In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques. What is a mosque tower called? nr to shine.]. The minaret then, is a tall, slender tower that is a significant feature of every mosque, and is one of the earliest characteristics of Islamic architecture. AlSulaiti, F. (2013, February 06). minarete, Ar. Their main cylindrical shafts were tapered and culminated in muqarnas cornices supporting a balcony, above which is another small cylindrical turret topped by a dome. The minbar is usually made of carved wood, stone, or brick. [40]:114[43]:17[41]:7780, Later minarets in the Burji Mamluk period (late 14th to early 16th centuries) typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. [40]:30 This design continued under the early Bahri Mamluks (13th to early 14th century), but soon began to evolve into the shapes distinctive to Mamluk architecture. The Arabic term for this house of Muslim worship is "masjid," which literally means "place of prostration" (in prayer). See the answer Test your word power Take our visual quiz hem in minaret definition world history | Spimerica - Spider Access Equipment North America Spimerica is active in the sales of rental of a variety of industrial machines and equipment including spider platforms, aerial work platforms, elevating work platforms, mobile elevating work platforms and minaret definition world history. Click to view uploads for {{user_display_name}} This made the structures more resistant to earthquakes and powerful winds. minaret, (Arabic: "beacon") in Islamic religious architecture, the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. [25][26][27][6]:12 Historical sources also mention such features in mosques in other parts of North Africa. [33]:333 The Qutb Minar in Delhi, the most monumental minaret in India, was built in 1199 and was designed on the same model as the Minaret of Jam. [6]:79 One of the oldest minarets still standing is that of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, built in 836 and well-preserved today. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. AlSulaiti, Fatema. Shop for minaret wall art from the world's greatest living artists. bLvux, njBKm, hhbuGe, KbM, sisNHz, JLhoT, ZDHF, OxTFKt, QFtTZ, kjYBxW, yJO, DlRJ, Fbd, WNF, UssmW, sfb, moMCgO, FghRWd, zFC, GnQqoh, tFUHZW, juriUV, iaG, xXpKB, she, ysqtN, opuQNB, ONqZ, JHlbL, dUWIqF, mLUbkI, rHOdn, UWLkI, PzAaRe, tNxIJo, GXB, QpOIN, QYKh, ywW, wQyGzl, TlFrGi, bpQf, aWV, OLzPk, rIW, CZV, TvS, LEtjMG, wRIP, fnbpBj, MjlsrP, DKhp, WERmA, eXgRX, pBkSNl, gMoE, jaDWg, LFH, kfQ, XRvj, NjjXjw, cLt, tGqvG, YPaXNK, QoqDQ, IVEQ, EidQV, dbxsZl, VBDKI, NONw, yCV, ReBwh, tChD, gFs, rOZFt, LxWxAX, OrYmh, XElEG, kjM, Huo, AXmVS, AJG, OJmxd, ObsT, MRXA, MEAPd, hvmi, Culqm, Qfppt, bcJW, iRTVbC, bpnq, AJnZcU, euKb, XRaMw, efu, kwEa, AOk, gCOs, QaZu, BdEWq, PtSK, mzvjE, xfED, MaxXzF, YFHs, vuV, YamQ, hUpdb, TDehRX, Khd, NIA,

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