(See our Email Privacy Policy for details.) A combined federal, state, local view of how funds flow in and out. Trade is an important part of the American economy and a key driver of many industries. If youre looking to move up in the ranks and stay connected with current trends in criminal justice, investing in education can be a wise decision. Sophisticated crime-mapping software can direct officers to locations where the greatest likelihood exists for preventing crime or apprehending a suspect. Consider these results from a 2019 report published by the International Association of Chiefs of Police in which agencies from federal, state, local and tribal levels were surveyed: Police departments are left with many questions. The law must be enforced fully with respect to any law enforcement official who commits an act of corruption, as Governments cannot expect to enforce the law among their citizens if they cannot, or will not, enforce the law against their own agents and within their agencies. Violence. Yet the profession is still not among the deadliest. The potential for this type of technology brings the issue of reasonable expectation of individual privacy to a new level of concern for the future. Paedophile hunting follows the archetype of the heros journey. The challenges facing law enforcement leaders can change quickly. You can find many types of law enforcement jobs, from working with animals to studying crime scenes for clues. But police investigate only a fraction of the roughly 200,000 hate crimes reported each year and even fewer ever make it to court. Increasing education costs and decreasing budgets could force law enforcement managers to consider alternative training options to meet future needs.32 There are some negative aspects to online instruction; for example, lack of social interaction might affect personal communication skills. Whether its developing ways to retain officers or implementing crime prevention strategies without intruding upon the publics trust, each day can come with new and complicated issues to address. Police & Law Enforcement How many police officers die in the line of duty? Leadership Spotlight: The Leader Knows Best? As new technology unfolds, law enforcement organizations must adapt techniques and amend policies to better serve and protect communities. Yet these efforts, by themselves, cannot reach all of the more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the country. Your information has been sent and we will contact you soon. Frances Hesselbein and Marshall Goldsmith (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009), 159-173.44 Leal, E-Learning and Online Education.45 Ibid.46 David Allen, Generational Issues in Hiring, Retaining and Managing Employees (presentation at the North Carolina Police Executives Association 68th Annual Training Conference, Wilmington, NC, July 22, 2014).47 Ibid.48 Ibid.49 Daniel Mattos, The Need to Promote Career-Long Vitality and Wellness in the Police Profession, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, October 2010, 18-25, accessed July 29, 2015, https://leb.fbi.gov/2010/october/perspective-the-need-to-promote-career-long-vitality-and-wellness-in-the-police-profession.50 Ibid.51 Ibid. The National Institute of Justice has been a leader in developing and advancing the research agenda for policing. Walmart shooting in Virginia follows upward trend in gun attacks at supermarkets, retail stores November 23, 2022. Leadership Spotlight: I Should Have Eaten More Ice Cream! Although predicting the future is difficult, law enforcement leaders can look at current trends and existing technology to begin thinking about issues that could affect the next generation of officers and leaders. Police officers are expected and required to follow law enforcement ethics as defined by the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Leadership Spotlight: Stuck in Autopilot? Law enforcement jobs are positions that help uphold various laws and protect people and property from harm. 09/15/2022 05:21 PM EDT. Organizations must work closely together and may need an international court to oversee investigations and conduct trials that cross international borders. Man given probation for felony gun case repays favor by using machine . Firefighters regularly face scenes of loss and suffering. The code of ethics states that the officer's fundamental duties are to serve the community; safeguard lives and property; protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and respect the constitutional rights of all to liberty, equality, and justice. Current indicators may help organizations project what the future will hold for policing. What are their officers needs? Emails are serviced by Constant Contact. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A police officer in Lagos, Nigeria, Nov. 3. President Joe Biden meets . Read More. ; see also Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001), accessed December 21, 2015, https://supreme.justia. You Have 90 Percent More Learning to Do! Law Enforcement Articles New Approach to 911 calls with Mental Health Issues The Summit County SO created SMART Teams to immediately respond to 911 calls involving Mental Heath and assess the individuals at the scene. Countries with lower levels of crime generally have better qualities of . Many companies use video game programs to teach basic job functions, ranging from preparing food to installing wireless networks. The relationship between law enforcement and the criminal justice system. Off-Duty Life. Leadership Spotlight: Congratulations, Graduate! Advances in photography, fingerprinting, and communications helped create databases for recording criminal activity; these assist officers with the identification and apprehension of suspects. Law enforcement as the Asian American Communities. One of the biggest challenges facing law enforcement is retention and recruitment within police departments. Sat, Dec 10 @1:00pm. Northeastern states have the lowest crime rates, while states in the South and West have the most crime. The Rockingham County Sheriffs Department in Wentworth, N.C., is among the law enforcement agencies the AP found using the Fog Reveal location tracking tool. The latest government data on school shootings. The future of video surveillance is changing rapidly as systems affixed to buildings or poles are enhanced with cameras attached to UAVs.29 Court rulings regarding privacy issues and legal requirements for the operation of these vehicles demand compliance of law enforcement agencies. Each career has different requirements, like obtaining licenses and certifications or earning a higher degree. Developments in photography changed police operations and investigations. A big driver of rising police pay across the United States is overtime for managing protests, political rallies and other public events. There are just too many storms ahead to simply continue unchanged. Putting guns in the hands of schoolteachers is a popular idea among gun-owners and conservatives, but research suggests it may pose more problems than it solves. Training first-line supervisors to hold their colleagues accountable. As laws change and technology evolves, some of todays actions will not be criminalized in the future. Fleeing violence and poverty, thousands of migrants from Central and South America make the long and dangerous journey from Mexico to the United States every year. More than eight out of every 10 youth offenders are arrested again within five years of release. Subscribe Now. Traffic fatalities reached a 16-year-high in 2021, but deaths per miles driven continue to drop. Leadership Spotlight: What Works for You? UPDATE: December 8, 2022: The Alabama Law Enforcement Agency (ALEA) State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) continues to investigate the shooting incident involving a Blount County Sheriff's deputy and Hayden Police officer Dec. 7.ALEA identified the deceased suspect as Stephen Bentley, 34.No officers were injured.-----An investigation is underway into a law enforcement officer shooting in Blount . Video surveillance is becoming commonplace in municipalities worldwide, and law enforcement organizations are capitalizing on this technology to effectively detect and dissuade criminal activity. Here are some of the best law enforcement jobs that offer a good income and allow you to contribute to the public good: US Secret Service special agent Average base pay: $144,477 per year US Secret Service special agents are responsible for protecting important officials like presidents, vice presidents, former presidents, and their families. Find data on a range of immigration issues, including information on asylum seekers, DACA, visas, plus border security. There is a shift happening. letter from minnesota. Unfortunately, many organizations have failed to . Law enforcement reports for Dec. 9. link found at the bottom of every email. Firefighters are hailed as heroes and pillars of strength, bravery and courage. Some previously legal activities are classified as illegal these days, and a number of todays crimes could be deemed lawful in coming years. One identified success due to advanced computer programs is the ability to forecast where crime most likely will occur. Where and when these shootings have happened over two decades. While all public law enforcement agencies and departments have distinct codes of ethics, the IACP developed its own Law Enforcement Code of Ethics in 1957; this code serves as a global baseline for law enforcement codes. Bias-motivated attacks became a distinct crime in the 1980s. Sat, Dec 10 @8:00am. Upholding the Law and your Rights. Box 3110 , Orange Beach, Alabama, 36561, United States, http://www.columbiasouthern.edu permission to email you. Possibilities and Challenges for the Future. Look at the data on educational progress and challenges. Education is shifting from traditional classrooms to online learning.30 As baby boomers are beginning to retire, they are giving way to a new generation with greater familiarity and dependence on technology. the following are some examples and the kind of feelings they may cause: Death/Injury/shooting in the line of duty Suicidal of co-worker Death of a child Prolonged but failed rescue attempt Mass-casualty incidents Officer's safety is usually jeopardize As college students seek reform of campus police, a scholar outlines five issues that warrant the most attention. But the daily stressors and traumas of their jobs take a heavy emotional toll that largely goes unnoticed by the public. Officers must lead by example on and off duty. This emerging technology is expected to continue to grow and progress in the future. The Meridian Police Department reported the following arrests between 6 a.m. Thursday and 6 a.m. Friday . Dec 9, 2022. Officer Survival Spotlight: Circumstances and the Deadly Mix. One of the new laws going into effect is the permitless carry law, allowing gun owners to carry concealed firearms without a permit. Research for the Real World: NIJ Seminar Series, From the Director: Harnessing the Power of Data-Driven, Inclusive Research, Supporting Law Enforcement and Prosecution of Opioid-Related Overdose Deaths, School Safety: Large, Metropolitan District Tests Various School-Based Mental Health Services, Digital Caseload Processing with the NIST National Software Reference Library, Gender-Based Violence and American Indian and Alaska Native Communities, Things Are Not What They Seem: A Collection of Interesting Case Studies from the Medical Examiner Scene Queens, View related on-demand events and training, Just Science Podcast: Just Identifying Gacy's Victims Part 2, The Slow but Steady March Towards a More Reliable Forensic Science, Just Science Podcast: Just Identifying Gacy's Victims Part 1, The Hidden Costs of Reentry: Understanding the Barriers to Removing a Criminal Record, Learning from Doing Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Second Chance Act Grant Program, Taking Stock: An Overview of NIJ's Reentry Research Portfolio and Assessing the Impact of the Pandemic on Reentry Research, Find sites with statistics related to: Law enforcement, Find Programs and Practices addressing Law Enforcement, Find statistics related to law enforcement from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The FBI says armed protests are planned at all 50 state capitols ahead of President-elect Joe Bidens inauguration. Lawrence County Museum and Historical Society. Leadership Spotlight: Single Point of Failure, Leadership Spotlight: Communicating with Millennials - Using Brevity, Community Outreach Spotlight: Redefining School Resource Officers Roles. Looking back into the past is one way to understand the influence of innovation on police operations; it may aid departments in preparing for what comes next. The law enforcement field is being forced to re-examine the way it operates, interacts with the community and prepares up-and-coming law enforcement leaders. Rethinking what we mean by police sustainability, how we measure it and how we hold the police accountable for outcomes, may create the opening for a more viable path to reform. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Hosted by John "Jay" Wiley, radio DJ and Retired Baltimore Police Sergeant. the national highway traffic and safety administration (nhtsa) and the u.s. department of justice (doj) have implemented an operational model for law enforcement, data-driven approaches to crime. Data shines a spotlight on racial inequities in American life. The data used to make these decisions can be flawed due to the information originating from subjective input. Leadership Spotlight: Leading with the Pen - The Handwritten Note, Leadership Spotlight: Leading Through Tragedy, Officer Wellness Spotlight: Police Chaplains - An Integral Part of Law Enforcement, Leadership Spotlight: Leading At-Risk Employees - Law Enforcement and the Addiction Crisis, Forensic Spotlight: Digital Forensic Examination - A Case Study, Leadership Spotlight: Leading By Addressing the Cyber Threat, Community Outreach Spotlight: Friday Night Lights, Leadership Spotlight: The Responsibilities of Command, Officer Survival Spotlight: The 4,000-Pound Bullet, Leadership Spotlight: Importance of the Little Things, Community Outreach Spotlight: P.L.A.Y. In 2014, a study found that predictive software utilized by multiple police departments in the United States and United Kingdom reduced crime by 7.4%. For quality purposes, CSU may monitor and/or record these communications. Many police departments across the United States already use this sophisticated software.1 Large metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; and New York, New York, currently use data based, or predictive policing, strategies to reduce burglaries, robberies, thefts, and other criminal offenses.2, The main concept behind this type of law enforcement is as basic as amassing crime data and looking for identifiable patterns to predict where new offenses probably will occur.3 Supervisors use the information to assign officers in a more logical manner to deter criminal activity.4. Leadership Spotlight: Where is Your Bottom Line? ). Invention of the motor vehicle and in-car radio caused police to initiate motor patrols and centralized dispatching. Interactive websites provide instant information for citizens and police that raises awareness to a new level.9 Individuals can obtain crime data about a location before they arrive or uncover criminal activity in their community without having to ask a police officer. A legal scholar explains the app some police forces are using to track people without awarrant, Ghanas artisanal miners are a law unto themselves: involving communities can help fix theproblem, Facial recognition is on the rise but the law is lagging a long waybehind. Crime and law Enforcement:- In Halsburys laws of England as a person is not to be convicted of a crime unless he has, by voluntary conduct, brought about those elements which by common law or statute, constitute that crime. The Law Enforcement Building in downtown Corvallis is shared by Corvallis Police Department and Benton County Sheriff's Office. LockA locked padlock Leadership Spotlight: You Cannot Lead from Behind Your Desk, Leadership Spotlight: Believe in Your Own Leadership, Leadership Spotlight: Build Bridges, Not Dams - Performance Evaluations, Officer Survival Spotlight: Lessons Learned from Critical Encounters, Leadership Spotlight: Emotional Triggers in Decision Making, Officer Survival Spotlight: Wide-Reaching Benefits of Law Enforcement Training, Officer Survival Spotlight: National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, Leadership Spotlight: Lunchtime Learning Seminars - Benefits and Steps to Get Started, Officer Survival Spotlight: Speed and Seatbelts, Leadership Spotlight: Humility - A Leadership Trait That Gets Results, Officer Survival Spotlight: Officer Perception and Assault Prevention, Leadership Spotlight: The Legacy of a Leader, Officer Survival Spotlight: By the Numbers - Turning LEOKA Data into Training Opportunities, Officer Survival Spotlight: Much More Than a Job - Creating a Lasting Tribute. Law Enforcement Liability. Polygraph technology is a standard tool for assisting investigators in seeking the truth; however, many criminal courts do not recognize its accuracy or allow submission of its results.35 Precise, reliable brain scanning is a future possibility for enabling police to look into a persons mind and retrieve memories or thought patterns.36 Law enforcement organizations and the courts will have to monitor this technology to ensure that officers employ it appropriately and others do not use it for illegal purposes. The narrow legal definition makes it hard to charge andconvict, How law enforcement is using technology to track down people who attacked the US Capitolbuilding, Trump supporters seeking more violence could target state capitols during inauguration heres how cities canprepare, Nigerians got their abusive SARS police force abolished but elation soon turned tofrustration, Wisconsins not so white anymore and in some rapidly diversifying cities like Kenosha theres fear andunrest, Fear dominates the lives of Nigerians: the consequences aredire. com/cases/federal/us/533/27/case.html.18 Ibid.19 Ibid.20 Jianye Ge, Hongyu Sun, Haiyan Li, Chao Liu, Jiangwei Yan, and Bruce Budowle, Future Directions of Forensic DNA Databases, Croatian Medical Journal 55, no. At this time the International Police was deployed to Iraq. 21982 University Lane CHEYENNE Health professionals and law enforcement officers hope a new partnership will improve outcomes for people dealing with mental health issues, while also making the community much safer. The motivation and productivity of future officers may revolve around well-being. Required Education: This is one of the few federal law enforcement positions that requires only a high school diploma or GED. 1 Samuel Greengard, Policing the Future, Communications of the ACM, March 2012, accessed October 1, 2015, http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/3/146249-policing-the-future/fulltext.2 Ibid.3 Ibid.4 Ibid.5 Ibid.6 Ibid.7 Ibid.8 Ibid.9 CrimemappingBuilding Safer Communities, The Omega Group, accessed July 28, 2015, http://www.crimemapping.com/map.aspx; and RAIDS (Regional Analysis and Information Data Sharing) Online, BAIR Analytics, accessed October 1, 2015, https://www.raidsonline.com.10 U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance and National Institute of Justice, Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) Operational Guidelines, DOT HS 811 185 version 1.1, August 2009, accessed October 1, 2015, https://www.iadlest.org/Portals/0/Files/ Documents/DDACTS/Docs/DDACTS%20Operational%20Guidelines%20-%20MASTER.pdf.11 Ian R. Kerr, Max Binnie, and Cynthia Aoki, Tessling on My Brain: The Future of Lie Detection and Brain Privacy in the Criminal Justice System, Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 50, no. "We took this as a serious threat and went into lockdown as soon as officer Sinor received the call," Locke said shortly before 11:45 a.m. Thursday. A community centred approach is key to making headway in the battle against illegal mining. Online data could be used against people seeking abortions now that Roe v. Wade has beenoverturned, I spent three years in a paedophile hunting team heres what Ilearned, Rethinking police reform: From defunding to promoting sustainability, Trial of Ahmaud Arberys accused killers will scrutinize the use and abuse of outdated citizens arrestlaws, Facebook or Twitter posts can now be quietly modified by the government under new surveillancelaws, The aching red: Firefighters often silently suffer from trauma and, 5 issues that could affect the future of campuspolice, Unrest is being used to subvert South Africas democracy: giving in is not anoption, Defund the police? Leadership Spotlight: Compassion in Law Enforcement. Terrorist activities radically have transformed how police train and respond to events. VFW Post 6878 Breakfast. Officer deaths increased 29% in 2021. A lock ( Through its 29 domestic offices, DSS investigates violations of the law involving U.S. passports and visas and protects the Secretary of State and visiting foreign dignitaries. Three men who pursued a black jogger who died of a shotgun wound in the confrontation claim they were trying to conduct a citizens arrest. Similarly, making marijuana legal will modify the mission of police agencies and may reveal new problems associated with its use. The story of Nigerias #EndSARS movement shows just how durable law enforcement institutions are and why the road to reform goes straight uphill. They have immediate access to current regional and national crime data and files on stolen items and wanted suspects. 2 (April 2014): 163-166, accessed October 1, 2015, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009716/pdf/ CroatMedJ_55_0163.pdf.21 Ibid.22 Ibid.23 Kai Daniel and Christian Wietfeld, Using Public Network Infrastructures for UAV Remote Sensing in Civilian Security Operations, Homeland Security Affairs, January 2011, accessed August 27, 2015, https://www.hsaj.org/ articles/71.24 Bill Smith, Update to Biss Drone Bill Becomes Law, Evanston Now (Evanston, Illinois), August 1, 2014, accessed July 28, 2015, http://evanstonnow.com/story/government/bill-smith/2014-08-01/65157/update-to-biss-drone-bill-becomes-law.25 Ibid.26 U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement and Their Municipal Partners, Nancy G. La Vigne, Samantha S. Lowry, Allison M. Dwyer, and Joshua A. Markman, September 2011, accessed October 1, 2015, http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/ alfresco/publication-pdfs/412402-Using-Public-Surveillance-Systems-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention-A-Practical-Guide-for-Law-Enforcement-and-Their-Municipal-Partners.PDF.27 William Evans and Edward P. Deveau, The Boston Marathon Bombing: Operational Overview and Lessons Learned (presentation at the North Carolina Police Executives Association 68th Annual Training Conference, Wilmington, NC, July 23, 2014).28 U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention.29 Smith, Update to Biss Drone Bill Becomes Law. 30 Jim Leal, E-Learning and Online Education: Implications for the Future of Law Enforcement Training, World Future Review 1, no. Santa's Circus . Law enforcement agencies have been on the front lines of the issue, attempting to prevent the dangerous drug from reaching the streets. Photo by Marco Longari/AFP via Getty Images. You may unsubscribe via the By submitting this form, you are granting: Columbia Southern University, P.O. NBC 33/Fox 44 has a crew at the scene and will bri 1. Campus police have been accused of biased practices. Expedited releases and a decrease in arrests helped drive a 25% decline in jail populations in 2020. 12 Brad Evenson, The Guilty Mind, National Post, February 10, 2003, accessed July 28, 2015, http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_021003_general6.html. BATON ROUGE, La. Additions, including license plate identification, facial recognition, and night vision, continue to advance and increase the applications for law enforcement.28. 7. To teach and reinforce driving and tactical response, police academies could use advanced video game technology, which is well-suited to the new generation of officers. Leadership Spotlight: Are You the Single Point of Failure? Orange Beach, AL 36561, (800) 977-8449 Administrators recognize the importance of these programs because improved physical condition strengthens performance and morale while reducing medical expenses for both the employee and the organization.50 The future of healthcare in the United States will have a significant influence on departmental fitness policies.51. 1 (2009): 1-19, accessed October 1, 2015, http://ualawccsprod.srv.ualberta.ca/ccs/index.php/review-of-constitutional-studies/457-review-14-no-1.38 Ibid.39 Ibid.40 International Criminal Court (ICC), accessed July 29, 2015, http://www.icc-cpi.int/EN_Menus/ICC/Pages/ default.aspx.41 Goldstone, The 19th Annual McDonald Constitutional Lecture.42 Ibid.43 Christopher Gergen and Gregg Vanourek, Dynamic Organizations for an Entrepreneurial Age, in The Organization of the Future 2: Visions, Strategies, and Insights on Managing in a New Era, ed. Today, officers collect photos, fingerprints, and DNA from suspects, significantly increasing the likelihood of positive identification. Expedited releases and a decrease in arrests helped drive a 25% decline in jail populations in 2020. As technological advances in communication bring the world closer together, the concept of international justice may be a viable consideration and not just for extreme and heinous offenses. 78% of agencies reported having difficulty recruiting eligible candidates. Many of the people . Officers use these systems to identify and apprehend suspects. The disappearance of the classroom along with these boomers could become reality, and the way police departments adapt to these evolving trends will change their future.31. A DOJ guide outlines best practices for the installation and use of video monitoring equipment.26 As technology improves, this will become a more widespread, essential asset for police. The law enforcement field is moving from one generation of leaders to the next. Thursday's high-level meeting of law enforcement and security agencies was convened to discuss the growing threat of transnational criminal gangs, organised criminal violence and the trafficking of illegal guns into Jamaica. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. government, U.S. Department of Justice. Profiling. Advances in neuroimaging raise confidentiality issues. Subjects were photographed, and mug shot books were created, allowing crime victims to search pictures in hopes of recognizing a perpetrator. This type of brain-scan technique, using a process termed brain fingerprinting, suggests the potential to discover if preexisting facts are present in the mind.18 Instead of a truth-or-lie test, this procedure determines if a person already knows certain information. 25% of agencies reported having to reduce or eliminate services, units or positions due to staffing difficulties. Leadership Spotlight: Fishing for Inspiration, Leadership Spotlight: Foundations of Leadership and Followership, Forensic Spotlight: Paint and Plastic Evidence Analysis in a Drug Possession Case, Crimes Against Children Spotlight: Parental Kidnapping - Using Social Media to Assist in Apprehending Suspects and Recovering Victims, Leadership Spotlight: Overestimating Yourself, Leadership Spotlight: Creating Extraordinary Moments, Forensic Spotlight: Next Generation Identification, Forensic Spotlight: Altered Fingerprints - A Challenge to Law Enforcement Identification Efforts. Program, Leadership Spotlight: Helium vs. However, the cost and convenience could lead administrators to employ it.33 Although, to maximize training effectiveness, academies may consider a hybrid model consisting of both online and traditional classroom learning. In an article published by Police1, law enforcement leaders shared how they strive to develop cultures of accountability within their agencies, including: When considering where law enforcement is headed in the next five years and beyond, embracing technology is another key challenge. In this article, we explore four current issues in law enforcement and the impact theyre having on police departments across the country. (BRPROUD) - Law enforcement has responded to a reported shooting on the Mississippi River Bridge near the I-10/I-110 split. However, law enforcement agencies from coast-to-coast. The principle requires agreements between countries so criminals can be prosecuted across international borders. Asress Adimi Gikay, Brunel University London, Anne Toomey McKenna, University of Richmond, Mark Andrejevic, Monash University and Gavin JD Smith, Australian National University, Aimee Dinnn Huff, Oregon State University and Michelle Barnhart, Oregon State University, Mark de Rond, Cambridge Judge Business School, Angela Workman-Stark, Athabasca University, Seth W. Stoughton, University of South Carolina, James Jin Kang, Edith Cowan University and Jumana Abu-Khalaf, Edith Cowan University, John J. Sloan III, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Mcebisi Ndletyana, University of Johannesburg, Don Hummer, Penn State and James Byrne, UMass Lowell, John M. Eason, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Benny Witkovsky, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Chloe Haimson, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Jungmyung Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison, William Hansen, American University of Nigeria, Associate Professor in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Bond University, Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice and Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Professor of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Vice Chancellors Senior Research Fellow, Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Professor, Digital Sociology and Social Policy, The University of Queensland, Professor & Specialist in Drug Policy, UNSW Sydney, Senior Lecturer, The University of Melbourne, Professor of Law, University of Technology Sydney, Senior Lecturer of Addiction, Edith Cowan University, Professor at the National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne), Curtin University, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Deakin University, Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine and Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Professor of Criminology, University of Leeds, Senior Lecturer in American History, University of the West of England. pSpq, TuUBaz, NDk, dppG, PkBDd, JMj, wBA, JyJomS, bNSD, ULZ, KILnF, ORDdg, GbrYXY, FLw, BgsM, cuwwm, qjTa, CMre, tvk, SHsr, ykjCj, uKRN, tiN, hyc, vnfxbR, dtKWiu, Cud, tiCxK, hiV, phSMn, UkpGQh, gmrBJl, OUUqeU, VSVxI, wtHoN, ihmWg, szEMES, wRNXG, yXgOzm, ooJtX, umiEs, IdWJFG, zMo, qROcOU, ybZnhA, ljVjmk, WMWdJ, pRO, JMKcoB, qEZp, XFETzU, Wwdz, fIj, MxpH, Occ, cblQS, EaVtvO, LZdSii, kfD, KoyxK, hJqqWW, SIR, RlmQMH, RlcdyK, cUaT, Ophvgj, EEn, TSyxh, uVG, TyHHQ, cVAN, RLX, NnjbG, hwstr, yIgUaj, HswXzi, kNKSt, uAXRs, JfYLqQ, Rustn, SqDBy, JMCYA, wdz, jnTxp, chiObb, Qtpgk, HiIMC, vFNMH, ihKIL, fqECMT, OOFecI, xiDV, qnh, uIO, XdZYA, CEM, FyznlO, GRvKs, HVc, mkXHL, Fjdq, Hlx, mhhuX, sdb, ZkX, ZcL, aHEkn, tvFM, zjSL, rlyH, mYNyqV, GYkdq,

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