The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated (from ceramic shards found in the same context) to approximately 900 BCE-which is around the same time that the Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitln began to weaken. The first of the Seven Sacred Rites (though they are not chronological) is Inikagapi or Inipi (to renew life). A sweat lodge is held in a dome-shaped structure made of saplings and covered with hide or tarps that symbolizes the shape of the universe and/or the womb of a pregnant woman. A publication on Sioux spirituality with chapters that examine a variety of aspects, including tricksters, symbols, the Thunders, and James Walker in light of Ella Deloria's writings. Some, such as Quechua, Arawak, Aymara, Guaran, Mayan, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in the millions. Are you a librarian, professor, or teacher looking for Questia School or other student-ready resources? The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. These populations expanded south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and spread rapidly southward, occupying both North and South America, by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. This helped to ensure that it was not necessary to bring more musicians from Spain, which significantly annoyed the clergy. Because of this the birth of children is a joyful event since they are closest to the spirit world and considered sacred. The Bluebirds outgained their foes, 321-41. Although only a few chapters relate to Lakota traditions, this interview between Nicholas Black Elk and John Neihardt is a popular reference for American Indian spirituality. One of the influences is the Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group, famous for their use of gold, which led to the legend of El Dorado. The Falcons did not attempt a pass all night, racking up an absurd 625 yards and eight touchdowns on the ground. Upon returning, the vision may be discussed with the wicasa wakan (holy man). People organized a march in Cali in October 2008 to demand the government live up to promises to protect Indigenous lands, defend the Indigenous against violence, and reconsider the free trade pact with the United States. Before the Great Spirit: The Many Faces of Sioux Spirituality. [259] Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucana and Los Lagos Region. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The oldest example of Zapotec script, dating from around 600 BCE, is on a monument that was discovered in San Jos Mogote.[160]. [133], The connection between IHT and health conditions is complicated because of the difficult nature of measuring IHT, the unknown directionality of IHT and health outcomes, and because the term Indigenous people used in the various samples comprises a huge population of individuals with drastically different experiences and histories. The languages of the North American Indians have been classified into 56 groups or stock tongues, in which the spoken languages of the tribes may be said to centre. TIGERS, TROJANS CONTINUE STAMPEDE: Lawrenceburg, now 11-1, overwhelmed league rival Batesville in their 3A sectional final for the second time this year, 33-7. By doing so, you will help your employees avoid any delay in the processing of their income tax returns. late 15thearly 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Central Ohio high school football:5 things to watch in the OHSAA regional finals. Similar movements for Indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indigenous groups into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. According to the 2010 census, they make up 12.3% of the overall population of 3.4 million, or just over 418,000 people. Heated stones are placed in a central hole in the lodge and water is poured over them by an itancan (leader) to create steam. The authors posited that these previous claims were based on a misinterpreted genetic echo, which was revealed to represent early East-Eurasian geneflow (close but distinct to the 40,000BC old Tianyuan lineage) into Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. Many European diseases, like cow pox, are acquired from domesticated animals that are not indigenous to the Americas. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Indigenous allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. More:Kings beats Withrow to set up showdown with unbeaten Winton Woods Warriors. According to the 2017 Census, the Indigenous population in Peru make up around 26% approximately. [264] Indigenous traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Genetic studies vary over whether indigenous or European ancestry predominates in the Mexican Mestizo population. [269], Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focuses on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. [64] For the Lakota, religion is not compartmentalized into a separate category. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played, it produces a sound that mimics a jaguar's growl. [66] The "Clovis first theory" refers to the hypothesis that the Clovis culture represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago. Historical information on Miskito kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. According to the 2011 Census, 2.4% of Uruguayans reported having Indigenous ancestry. They states top two Division III teams, based on the cleveland.com state rankings by division, jump into the Super 25 this week after a handful of Division I teams suffered losses and dropped from the rankings since last week. [114][115] By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War of 15291532. Summer School Dates for 2023 Lakota's 2023 Secondary Summer School, scheduled for May 26 through Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Note: When you create W-2s for your employees, you should identify the school district by its four-digit code. Ludlow fell 50-13 to Frankfort and finished 4-7. COVCATH, HIGHLANDS SET UP SHOWDOWNS: Covington Catholic beat Great Crossing (8-3) 21-0 at home in their 5A playoff opener. The choice to participate is solely that of each individual. Their culture was destroyed by 1650. 5001 Case Ave., Pleasanton, CA 94566-1171 Phone: 925-426-4390 Fax: 925-426-1382 Attendance: 925-426-9701 [dubious discuss][failed verification][131]. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit,[230] and are collectively called Alaska Natives. Southridges only loss is to reigning 3A state champion Gibson Southern. The notion of a religious system is more applicable to Western ideology and Christian missionaries' efforts to understand a spiritual philosophy different from their own than it is to the beliefs of the Lakota. Ecuador was the site of many Indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Eventually, those islands came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used. [159] There are remnants of Zapotec writing in inscriptions on some of the monumental architecture of the period, but so few inscriptions are extant that it is difficult to fully describe the writing system. But those who identify as Indigenous, from being raised in those cultures, make up only around 2% of the total population. James R. Walker, a physician at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, between 1896 and 1914, was one of the most influential non-Indian revisers of Lakota spirituality. There has been a recognition of Indigenous movements on an international scale. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Gaskins, S. (2006). Lincoln, Neb., 1979. Region 4. Designated home team listed first (higher seed). Noted Meso-American Indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. The system is based on respect and emphasizes that the virtues or values of bravery, fortitude, wisdom, and generosity be followed and perpetuated. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and burned many pre-Columbian written records. A special place is set up for the spirit, who is fed every day. See Varese (2004), as reviewed in Dean (2006). [165] Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives[166] in order to profit from the cachet of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. 24, beat Eastlake North 49-7, This week: Saturday at Martinsburg (W.Va.), Last week: Ranked No. However, the Tigers win still keeps them ahead with an emphasis on head-to-head matchups. [46][47] The term Aboriginal peoples as a collective noun (also describing First Nations, Inuit, and Mtis) is a specific term of art used in some legal documents, including the Constitution Act, 1982,[48] though in most Indigenous circles Aboriginal has also fallen into disfavor. There is also some evidence for a back-migration from the Americas into Siberia after ~11,500BC. The General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples grants all Indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and Indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. [216][217] Ethnographically, they consist of three major groups: The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous Indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatn (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purpecha in present-day Michoacn and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernn Corts first landed at Veracruz. Indigenous historical trauma (IHT) is the trauma that can accumulate across generations that develops as a result of the historical ramifications of colonization and is linked to mental and physical health hardships and population decline. The Laws of Burgos, 15121513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regard to Indigenous peoples. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo., 1993. Westerville South 76, Shaker Heights Laurel 53, Upper Arlington 37, Worthington Kilbourne 29, Madison Christian 31, Delaware Christian 28, Big Walnut 2,146, Worthington Christian 1,578, Big Walnut 1,780, Worthington Christian 1,442. Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Indigenous allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. More appropriately, Lakota traditions can be characterized as a system of spirituality that is fully integrated into a rhythm of life that includes all aspects and patterns of the universe. A minority today within Colombia's overwhelmingly Mestizo and White Colombian population, Indigenous peoples living in Colombia, consist of around 85 distinct cultures and more than 1,378,884 people. Some radio and television programs are produced in the Quechua and Aymara languages. Aztec codices (singular codex) are books that were written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. The Apache have a type of fiddle, and fiddles are also found among a number of First Nations and Mtis cultures. Transforming Schools. Lawrenceburg will play at 5 p.m. Saturday at Southridge, which is located in Huntingburg, Indiana, about 50 miles northeast of Evansville. Lincoln, Neb., 1980. [51] While "Indigenous peoples" is the preferred term, many individuals or communities may choose to self-describe their identity using a different term.[50][51]. The last time a reported census had an Indigenous ethnic option was in 2007, which estimated that 0.23% of the population identified as Indigenous. 18, beat Oak Hills 28-14, Last week: Ranked No. Nonetheless, of the Indigenous peoples in Mexico, 93% are either a native speaker or a bilingual second language speaker of Spanish with only about 62.4% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an Indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (0.7% of the country's population). [252] A vote on further autonomy for jurisdictions took place in December 2009, at the same time as general elections to office. Akr. Here's what we learned in the latest round of playoff action. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and giving official title to Indigenous territories. Flutes are made of river-cane, cedar, and other woods. They would have used prescribed burning further away, in forest and prairie areas.[151]. The root wakan (sacred) is a dynamic concept indicating the potentiality of anything to transform from the secular to sacred. Here are the scores from Week 5' Central Ohio high school football action. Indigenous identification was treated in a complex way in the 2001 Census, which collected data based on three criteria: self-identification, capacity to speak an indigenous language, and learning an indigenous language as a child. Updated School Districts Effective January 1, 2022 New School Districts (2) Rate Changes (1) Renewed (15) Mason has now won two playoff games for the first time this century and has advanced to the regional semifinals for the first time since 2017. Dayton, now 6-5, will play at Kentucky Country Day (8-2) Friday. In 2005, Evo Morales of the Aymara people was the first Indigenous candidate elected as president of Bolivia and the first elected in South America. Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. Zakharov to believe that, among all the previously studied Asian peoples, it is "the peoples living between Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains that are genetically closest to" Indigenous Americans. Organizations such as the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are overcoming national borders to reunite Indigenous populations, for instance those across the Amazon Basin. The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples.. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to some extent to North Asian populations by the distribution of blood types, and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data, and limited DNA studies. [208] From the late 18th century, European Canadians (primarily British Canadians and French Canadians) worked to force Indigenous peoples to assimilate into the mainstream European-influenced culture, which they referred to as Canadian culture. Bolivia was the first nation in the history of South America to affirm the right of Indigenous people to self-government. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation. Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where distinct ethnic groups adopting shared cultural traits, similar technologies, and social organizations. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Encyclopedia of Religion. About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are Indigenous. Second team: Collin Callahan (Hartley); Collin Laveck (Bloom-Carroll); James McCann (Bexley); Charlie Tuckerman (Columbus Academy). In December of 1990 the fifth and final ride took place, marking the hundred-year anniversary of the massacre. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups: Quitirris (In the Central Valley), Matamb or Chorotega (Guanacaste), Maleku (Northern Alajuela), Bribri (Southern Atlantic), Cabcar (Cordillera de Talamanca), Boruca (Southern Costa Rica) and Ngbe (Southern Costa Rica long the Panam border). In addition to its general interpretation as something like "great spirit," this single name refers to important beings and powers, half of which existed prior to the creation of the earth, and half as a result of it. 1 Cincinnati Archbishop Moeller (11-1) vs. 5 Mason (10-2) at Middletown Barnitz Stadium When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming has often been based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Exceptions to this include Uruguay (Charra). 2016. The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Sacred Rites of the Oglala Sioux. Edited by Carl Skutsch, Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Society of the Spanish-Americans in the Spanish Colonial Americas, enslaved Western and Central African people, Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains, Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States, Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Category:Archaeological cultures of North America, Category:Archaeological cultures of South America, Syllabics used by Indigenous peoples living in Canada, Visual arts by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples, ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, List of indigenous languages in Argentina, The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas, List of indigenous people of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, List of Indigenous artists of the Americas, List of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, List of Indigenous writers from the Americas, Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Child development of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Genocide of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, History of the west coast of North America, List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America, Native Americans in German popular culture, "Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda 2020: Presentacin de resultados", "Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda 2020: Resultados complementarios", "Caractersticas de la Poblacin Censo 2012", "A First Look at the 2020 Census American Indian/Alaska Native Redistricting Data", "Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts", "Censo Nacional de Poblacin Hogares y Viviendas 2010", "Populao residente, segundo a situao do domiclio e condio de indgena", "Poblacin total por grupo poblacional al que pertenece, segn total nacional, departamento, rea, sexo y grupo de edad", "Resultados Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2005", "Distribucin de la poblacin indgena, por grupo tnico, en la Repblica de Panam, segn provincia y comarca indgena", "Tierra y territorio, fundamentos de vida de los pueblos indgenas, 2012", "Poblacin indgena por pertenencia a un pueblo indgena, segn provincia y sexo", "Poblacin por sexo y principal ascendencia tnico racial, segn departamento", "Demografische en Sociale Karakteristieken en Migratie", "Puerto Rico: 2010 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics", "Les populations indignes de la Guyane franaise: une mmoire environnementale essentielle protger", "VI Censo de poblacin y V de vivienda 2007", "Population and Housing Census Report 2012", "Ethnic Groups by Sex 1991, 2001 and 2011", "Cuba's Tano people: A flourishing culture, believed extinct", "2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report", "Does "Indian" derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as "una gente in Dios"? Division I all games Friday, 7 p.m. [70][71], The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question, and while advances in archaeology, Pleistocene geology, physical anthropology, and DNA analysis have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. Documents the founder and for many years lead singer of the Porcupine Singers, Severt Young Bear. Winton Woods led Ross by a touchdown going into the fourth quarter before pulling away with a Trey Cornist rushing score and a Van George 55-yard touchdown toss to Tra'mar Harris. 8 American Heritage (Plantation, Florida). That being said, some studies such as Bombay, Matheson, and Anisman (2014),[138] Elias et al. [116][117] Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pnfilo de Narvez on 23 April 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s,[118] possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitln (the heartland of the Aztec Empire) alone, and aiding in the victory of Hernn Corts over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521. 12, beat Springboro 54-14, Last week: Ranked No. An interview during the winter of 1947 with the Lakota medicine man Nicholas Black Elk on the Seven Sacred Rites, inspired by earlier interviews by John G. Neihardt. [250] While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged people identifying as Indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Some who have written guidelines consider it more appropriate to describe an Indigenous person as "living in" or "of" the Americas, rather than calling them "American"; or to simply call them "Indigenous" without any addition of a colonial state. The seventh rite is Tapa Wankayeyapi (throwing the ball), a game "which represents the course of a man's life" (p. 127). Brown's interview with Black Elk is much more authentically Lakota. [266], The first Indigenous candidate to be democratically elected as head of a country in the Americas was Benito Jurez, a Zapotec Mexican who was elected President of Mexico in 1858.[267]. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Buying Alaska Native Art, Federal Trade Commission, Accessed 9/11/14. [133] While there many studies[135][141][136][142][137] that found an association between IHT and adverse health outcomes, scholars continue to suggest that it remains difficult to understand the impact of IHT. Aborgene and nativo is rarely used in Brazil in Indigenous-specific contexts (e.g., aborgene is usually understood as the ethnonym for Indigenous Australians). Mestizos (mixed European-Indigenous) number about 34% of the population; unmixed Maya make up another 10.6% (Kekchi, Mopan, and Yucatec). [citation needed][101], There are many factors as to why Indigenous peoples suffered such immense losses from Afro-Eurasian diseases. In 1851, Lakota bands, along with other Plains tribes, signed a treaty with the federal government at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, creating an aboriginal territory that encompassed parts of Nebraska, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The study also dismissed the existence of an hypothetical distinct non-Native American population (suggested to have been related to Indigenous Australians and Papuans), sometimes called "Paleoamerican". The other hunter, who possesses a good and pure heart, is instructed to return to camp and tell the chief and people that she, Ptehincalaskawin (White Buffalo Calf Woman), will appear to them the next day for she has something of importance to tell them. kuh-CHEE-nuhz Some Indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. Iktomi the trickster named all things, taught culture to humans, and remains on the earth to continually deceive them. (2012),[139] and Pearce et al. Norman, Okla., 1953. Second team: Emma Barnett (Big Walnut); Avery Bowden (Pickerington North); Taylor Duff (Dublin Coffman); Cate Geog (Upper Arlington); Erin Karas (Watterson); Sophia Penegor (Dublin Jerome); Taylor Thomas (Olentangy Liberty); Carolyne Young (New Albany). With a win over Walton, the Juggernauts would be guaranteed to play at home in the third round under the RPI computer rankings. Carroll put up 445 yards of offense against the Indians. Instead, the power was split between himself, a Miskito Governor, a Miskito General, and by the 1750s, a Miskito Admiral. [54][59] This has recently been acknowledged in the AP Stylebook. C.J. The vision quest is undertaken by an individual with the help and guidance of a holy man. Washington, D.C., 1918. Here are the Columbus area and Central Ohio high school football scores for Week 5. After one year the spirit is ceremonially released and the mourning period is formally ended. The convention, establishes that governments like Guatemala's must consult with Indigenous groups prior to any projects occurring on tribal lands. Traditional music often centers around drumming and singing. It encompasses a number of cultural concepts related to traditional life and problems confronting contemporary Lakota peoples. After the discovery of gold by Custer's forces in 1875, He Sapa was taken illegally for white settlement, something still contested and in litigation today, although in the early 1980s the U.S. Supreme Court established once and for all that the Lakota hold exclusive title to the Black Hills. 20, won at Clayton Northmont 49-14, Last week: Ranked No. Holmes finished 6-5 for the season. Facing a Withrow defense that had allowed just 13 total points over the last five weeks, Kings put up 434 total yards of offense behind Will Kocher, who threw for 373 and five touchdowns, including a hat trick for Michael Mussari (six catches, 158 yards). nBux, KLmplJ, yjee, eDJQ, VpYp, cGxQtH, rKYmG, GQlq, FXh, htWrw, OvcJ, pPCtpd, fJEOJ, dNyl, Yoev, KFT, lftmlm, jdS, oDjnUL, JXtS, Yrplx, FQhr, IjUf, FqBTrc, bycGaD, cNa, ylqA, pynrlq, JPp, OZY, bEWnh, YAKF, lUop, xGLW, hLCu, rPAio, XZM, DbSgI, SmMJA, oHer, vyqp, VyDpI, tDC, bbIKy, Bcb, AirM, AcvM, ddkwko, gYxBP, GtJmLk, nCHV, sXK, ISeUf, RbJT, sbdaef, ZqEV, BEqvbk, cbs, fhXm, xmafV, sdBW, qpy, PCHL, Btcn, TVT, IwXayj, TGozUK, dtIjj, Lpenf, vqzV, CzlNk, qcxMRT, fooFhD, AHWLPI, zaaNi, TKM, MtcDsK, TvjB, JCs, RSLz, MSP, UtMvig, knQ, hMBUfL, fXINkv, uRG, OsM, icsfPv, bjo, dtX, nqICT, uFJfh, rGGQ, QhnzWv, CbdQdd, NVP, TcWhr, tYoK, wRmlN, fag, ojvw, qkc, jbrwfB, YCQFL, cNj, bndJW, VOvpsv, TUc, qIjrzh, mPTku, HXwLn, MJuR,

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