Heat is measured in units: Btu, calories, or joules. It is a scalar quantity. The table below lists several state changes and identifies the name commonly associated with each process. Answer: Chemistry Formula. Molar Heat Capacity Formula. We have solved a few example problems. Emphasis is given on the application of the concepts learned rather than rote-learning of the concepts. Solving these chapter-wise MCQs will help students to 3. Heat transfer coefficient is used in calculating the heat transfer, usually by convection or phase transition between a fluid and a solid. Question 3: What Does the Heat Rate Mean in a Power Plant? Specific heat, Csp, is the amount of heat required to change the heat content of exactly 1 gram of a material by exactly 1C.. for Class 10 2022 is part of Class 10 preparation. Specific heat capacity should not be confused with thermal conductivity. The two horizontal sections represent the changes in state of the water. Question 1. Examples of Relative Velocity. Specific heat capacities provide a means of mathematically relating the amount of thermal energy gained (or lost) by a sample of any substance to the sample's mass and its resulting temperature change. CBSE Class 10 Physics Electricity Important Questions. Q.9. 1. Since the heat energy expected to shift the material from solid to fluid at air pressure during softening is the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature remains constant during the process, the enthalpy' of fusion is latent heat. At 20C, a piece of metal has a density of 60g. Q = 16050.6 J The heat flow equation covers the heat transfer mechanism, such as the conduction equation, convection formula, thermal radiation, and evaporate cooling. There are several types of energies, such as. Definition, Types, Examples, Data Communication - Definition, Components, Types, Channels, What is Internet? These MCQ questions are designed as per the latest CBSE syllabus and NCERT curriculum. Using the help of these important questions from the chapter Electricity, students appearing in CBSE Class 10 Science board examination can achieve their dream scores. (A) Silver (B) Copper (C) Tungsten (D) Mercury, (A) Iron (B) Copper (C) Tungsten (D) mercury U, (B) It does not oxidise readily at high temperature. L = Length. Electrical Energy Definition: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Q.1.. Q.3. The electric energy consumed in kWh is given by. Equilibrium of an object or system can be divided into three types Now we can approach the topic of heating curves on a more quantitative basis. Which one of the following statements logically follows from this fact? Q.1: Determine the total heat loss from the building whose area is 60 sq. (Note that the Heat of Fusion is the energy change associated with the solid-liquid state change.). Class 10 Science Chapter 12 Extra Questions and Answers Electricity. Work of 14 J is done to move 2 C charge between two points on a conducting wire. The calculation will require five steps - one step for each section of the above graph. Q3 = 2.09 x104 J = 20.9 kJ, where m = 50.0 g and Hvaporization = 2.23 kJ/g, Q4 = mHvaporization = (50.0 g)(2.23 kJ/g) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) kx. If the amount of heat needed for a phase change is 300 kcal, calculate the latent heat of a 5 kg material. So now we must investigate the mathematics related to changes in state and the quantity of heat. Now this 229.9 J is equal to the -Qmetal. In fact, it requires twice as much heat to change the temperature of a given mass of water by 80C compared to the change of 40C. where m = 50.0 g, C = 4.18 J/g/C, Tinitial = 0.0C, and Tfinal = 100.0C, Q3 = mCT = (50.0 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(100.0C - 0.0C) So, basically the power is the rate at which energy is consumed to complete a work. The heat of vaporization is similar to the heat of fusion or melting in that it refers to the amount of heat exchanged during a stage change. Like any problem in physics, the solution begins by identifying known quantities and relating them to the symbols used in the relevant equation. Chapter 2 Units and Measurements. Section 5: Changing the temperature of liquid water from 100.0C to 120.0C. Once the Qmetal value is known, it can be used with the m and T value of the metal to calculate the Qmetal. 5. The amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of a gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is known as specific heat capacity. Heat gains or losses result in changes in temperature, changes in state or the performance of work. Get information on latest national and international events & more. Then H(t) = Z D cu(x;t)dx: Therefore, the change in heat is given by dH dt = Z D cut(x;t)dx: Fouriers Law says that heat ows from hot to cold regions at a rate > 0 proportional to the Dimensional formula is [MLT-2]. In fact, it requires twice as much heat to cause the same temperature change in twice the mass of water. heat energy = (mass of substance) (specific heat) (change in temperature) Q = mcT. Learn. Heat is a transfer of energy. Para-dichlorobenzene has a melting point of 54C, a heat of fusion of 124 J/g and specific heat capacities of 1.01 J/g/C (solid state) and 1.19 J/g/C (liquid state). Question 4: Calculate the Heat rate if steam enters at 335 degree F and leaves at 236 degree F at atmospheric pressure. Heat capacities are listed on a per gram or per kilogram basis. The total amount of heat absorbed or liberated by the material is. Types of Potential Energy In the case of melting, boiling and sublimation, energy would have to be added to the sample of matter in order to cause the change of state. It depends upon what the substance is, on how much substance is undergoing the state change, and upon what state change that is occurring. The amount of heat produced is always proportional to the chemical energy supplied divided by the electrical energy freed. Heat transfer is a process of the exchange of heat from a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body. It is then removed and placed into a Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 mL of room temperature water (T=27.0C; density = 1.00 g/mL). The gross heat rate takes into account the efficiency losses and power generated during the full power generating cycle, which includes the feed water circulation system, boiler, condensate recovery system, fuel delivery, and water treatment. 550 Ib of steam travels through the every hour in normal operation. Q1 =(3.82 g)(1.01 J/g/C)(54C-24C) = 115.7 J, Q3 =(3.82 g)(1.19 J/g/C)(75C-54C) = 95.5 J. The water cools down and the metal warms up until thermal equilibrium is achieved at 87.1C. Q.7. There most certainly is. Calculate the resultant velocity of the plane. But how much energy would be required to cause such a change of state? Hence, we can conclude that The specific latent heat (L) of a material: It is a measurement of the amount of heat energy (Q) emitted or absorbed per mass (m) during a phase shift. Q.4. At the melting point of water, the addition of heat causes a transformation of the water from the solid state to the liquid state. There are two types of heat sources are known, one is resulting in the internal heat load on the conditional area and the second one is resulting in an external heat load. Compared to other substances, water will quickly warm up to high temperatures when heated. All questions given in the exercise are solved here. Assuming all the heat lost by the water is gained by the metal and that the cup is perfectly insulated, determine the specific heat capacity of the unknown metal. Q.7. TS Result 2022 (SSC - Declared): Click here to Check, Odisha Board 10th Result 2022 (Declared): Click here to Check, Odisha board 12th Result 2022 (Commerce & Science - Declared): Click here to Check, Odisha board 12th Commerce and Arts Results 2022 (Arts - Declared): Click here to check. Can you find the hidden frog in this optical illusion picture in 11 seconds? Also includes the value ofPhysical Constants. Jake grabs a can of soda from the closet and pours it over ice in a cup. Since the m, C and T values of the water are known, the Qwater can be calculated. Net Force (and Acceleration) Ranking Tasks, Trajectory - Horizontally Launched Projectiles, Which One Doesn't Belong? and click on the Submit button; results will be displayed in a separate window. Following questions consist of two statements Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Substitution of known values into the equation leads to the answer. The heat of condensation, the heat of vaporization, and so on are some of the names given to it depending on the different phases. A substance with a high specific heat capacity is a substance that requires a relative large quantity of heat to cause a small temperature change. The answers are in the PDF towards the end of the article. WebOn TopperLearning, your student dashboard gives you access to CBSE Class 10 Chapter-wise Physics lesson explanation as per the latest CBSE Grade 10 syllabus. Takes you closer to the games, movies and TV you love; Try a single issue or save on a subscription; Issues delivered straight to your door or device 350 Ib of steam travels through the turbine every hour in normal operation. Electric power (formula) Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! Download now! where m = 50.0 g, C = 2.01 J/g/C, Tinitial = 100.0C, and Tfinal = 120.0C, Q5 = mCT = (50.0 g)(2.01 J/g/C)(120.0C - 100.0C) International Mountain Day 2022: Wishes, Greetings, Messages, WhatsApp Status & Quotes to share on this day, TSPSC Recruitment 2022-23 For Drugs Inspector Post: Scale of Pay Rs.51,3201,27,310, You are a genius if you can spot the pig in the optical illusion picture within 13 seconds, UNICEF Day 2022: Date, Theme, History, Significance, Interesting Facts and More, List of Top 10 Highest Mountain Peaks of the World as measured from sea level, International Mountain Day 2022: Date, Theme, History, Significance, Interesting Facts & More, Brain Teaser Today: Can you spot the odd Giraffe in the Tower within 7 seconds? A change in temperature is associated with changes in the average kinetic energy of the particles within the object. This Qwater value equals the Qmetal value. This is because the specific heat capacity of aluminum is nearly twice the value of iron. The term implies that substances may have the ability to contain a thing called heat. We see that n is the number of moles of the sample. In an electrical circuit two resistors of 2 and 4 respectively are connected in series to a 6 V battery. The answer: most likely not. Tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamp. Compared to the previous problem, this is a much more difficult problem. The water warms to a temperature of 28.1C. Its unit is kCal/kWh (but in certain cases it is kJ/kWh). or Solve the math fact fluency problem. Tfinal = 87.1C Many students find it difficult to see how 10 N + 10 N could ever be equal to 10 N. For reasons to be discussed in the next section of this lesson, 10 N + 10 N would equal 10 N whenever the two forces to be added are at 30 degrees to the horizontal. where Q represents the quantity of energy gained or released during the process, m represents the mass of the sample, Hfusion represents the specific heat of fusion (on a per gram basis) and Hvaporization represents the specific heat of vaporization (on a per gram basis). Question 9. Suppose that several objects composed of different materials are heated in the same manner. Chapter 4 Motion In A Plane. The fact that they are listed on a per amount basis is an indication that the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance depends on how much substance there is. It is used in nuclear reactors, nuclear fission etc. What quantity of energy would be absorbed by the ice (and released by the beverage) during the melting process? An 11.98-gram sample of zinc metal is placed in a hot water bath and warmed to 78.4C. (ii) Find the resistance if all of these parts are connected in: (iii) Out of the combinations of resistors mentioned above in the previous part, for a given voltage which combination will consume more power and why? If more than $ 40W $ is applied, $ 60\% $ of the extra power is converted into light and rest into heat. Heat sources which result in an internal heat like heat conduction through the glass, walls, etc. Provided that the latent heat of steam is 540 cal/g, calculate the specific heat of the metal. The joule per kilogramme [J/kg] is the SI unit. Specific heat capacities of various materials are often listed in textbooks. Reason (R) : Resistance of a wire is proportional to resistivity of material. State Joule's law. Why? T = -26.5C (Tfinal - Tinitial ). Also, show this relationship by drawing a graph. Determine the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a 3.82-gram sample of solid para-dichlorobenzene from 24C to its liquid state at 75C. Values of Q are positive for the melting and vaporization process; this is consistent with the fact that the sample of matter must gain energy in order to melt or vaporize. C = 4.18 J/g/C There are five labeled sections on the plotted lines. where, m = mass of the object, v = velocity of the object and p = mv = momentum of the object. Because of this, water does not change its temperature as rapidly as other substances that are heated in the same manner; choice B does not logically follow. Assertion (A): If a graph is plotted between potential difference and current the graph is a straight line passing through the origin. We wish to determine the value of Q - the quantity of heat. The temperature difference is between a solid surface and surrounding fluid. Webtime t, and let H(t) be the total amount of heat (in calories) contained in D.Let c be the specic heat of the material and its density (mass per unit volume). At this temperature the liquid will begin to solidify (freeze) and the ice will not completely melt. T = Time. We should note that the latent heat is associated with no change in temperature but a change in state. The amount of heat produced is proportional to the chemical energy supplied divided by the electrical energy freed. Find here, CGPSC Recruitment 2022: Notification Out For Civil Judge Post at psc.cg.gov.in, Check Eligibility, Weekly Current Affairs Quiz Hindi: 05 11 2022 , BEL Recruitment 2022-23 For 41 Project/Trainee Engineer Posts: Apply Till Dec 22, This website follows the DNPA's code of conduct, Today In History, 11 December: What Happened On This Day. The three diagonal sections represent the changes in temperature of the sample of water in the solid state (section 1), the liquid state (section 3), and the gaseous state (section 5). We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts. WebClass 10 Physics (India) Unit: Electricity. 2. Summing these five Q values and rounding to the proper number of significant digits leads to a value of 154 kJ as the answer to the original question. Gross Heat Rate is defined as an expression of the total energy produced by the plant per one unit of mass of fuel in the calculation of any power plants output. Find the resistance of another nichrome wire, whose length is three times and area of cross-section four times the first wire. mliquid water = -(16650 J)/(-110.77 J/C) Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat; choice A has to do with thermal conductivity. Example Problem 3 involves a rather straightforward, plug-and-chug type calculation. F(x) = \(-\frac{d U}{d x}\) What is the better way of connecting lights and other electrical appliances in domestic wiring? Calculate the heat produced in 30 seconds. Early Life, Education, Political Career & More, CBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions and Answers: History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India, Haryana Police Recruitment 2022 for Constable Posts: Check Eligibility Here, ICSI CS Admit Card 2022 for Dec Session Released, Download Executive, Professional Hall Ticket Here, UNICEF Day 2022: Wishes, Greetings, Messages, WhatsApp Status & Quotes to share on this day, Important Days in December 2022: National and International Dates List. CBSE Class 10 Physics Electricity Important Questions and Answers: In this article we have covered the chapter Electricity from CBSE Class 10 Science. 16650 J = -mliquid water(-110.77 J/C) Heat Energy Definition: Here, we will learn about latent heat, different types of latent heat along with the formula and dimension of latent heat. The conduction equation is given by: q = - k T. Here, q = Local heat flux density 2. Use the equation Q = mHfusion where m=61.9 g and Hfusion=333 J/g. Such state changes are referred to as being endothermic. An object is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if on displacement from its equilibrium position, it has neither the tendency to move in direction of displacement nor to come back to equilibrium position. Math has always been challenging! Reason (R) : Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures. WebSpecific Heat Formula. As in all situations in science, a delta () value for any quantity is calculated by subtracting the initial value of the quantity from the final value of the quantity. When gained or lost by an object, there will be corresponding energy changes within that object. The SI unit of heat flux is W/m\[^{2}\] or Watt per meter square. Q2: How is the Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculated? The values for the specific heat of fusion and the specific heat of vaporization are reported on a per amount basis. It takes 10 times as much energy - 3330 J - to melt 10.0 grams of ice. Now we will try Example Problem 4, which will require a significant deeper level of analysis. In this problem, the ice is melting and the liquid water is cooling down. Q = mHfusion = (48.2 g)(333 J/g) 2. Determine the amount of heat lost by the room temperature soda as it melts 61.9 g of ice (Hfusion = 333 J/g). Chapter 3 Motion In A Straight Line. The specific heat capacity of the metal can be calculated by setting -229.9 J equal to mCT. Q1 = 2.00 x103 J = 2.00 kJ, Q2 = mHfusion = (50.0 g)(333 J/g) (b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity? We know the following about the ice and the liquid water: C = 4.18 J/g/C The thermal energy is basically the energy present in a system. Q.1.Calculate the number of electrons that would flow per second through the cross- section of a wire when 1 A current flows in it. (i) Gravitational Potential Energy: 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt x 1 hour. Example: A plane is travelling at velocity 100 km/hr, in the southward direction.It encounters wind travelling in the west direction at a rate of 25 km/hr. How Do You Distinguish Between Latent and Real Heat? In section 4, the sample of water is undergoing boiling; the liquid is changing to a gas. The OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) provides technical information about workplace hazards and controls to OSHAs Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs). The heat generated by the movement of particles in the system. T = (Tfinal - Tinitial ), Rearrange Qmetal = mmetalCmetalTmetal to obtain Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetalTmetal), Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetalTmetal) = (313.5 J)/[(12.9 g)(60.6C)] And at the boiling point of water, the addition of heat causes a transformation of the water from the liquid state to the gaseous state. Unit of Work. It is the amount of heat (540 cal. ) To get the answers to these questions, click on the link below: Electricity has revolutionised the world and our lives. The mass of the system is m, and T is the temperature difference, measured in K. The transfer of heat occurs through the following three different processes: Now, lets understand the formula for the types of heat transfer: Heat conduction is the transmission of internal thermal energy as a result of the collisions of microscopic particles and the motion of electrons within a body. Oil Well Derrick Stability: Guywire Anchor Systems, Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety, Excavations: Hazard Recognition in Trenching and Shoring, Controlling Lead Exposures in the Construction Industry: Engineering and Work Practice Controls, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, Controlling Exposure to Hazardous Drugs, see OSHA's. Thus, students should not just cram the syllabus to score marks in exam but try to actually grasp the content of the chapters as it is a very important topic for academic and personal life as well. As has been previously discussed, heat is not something that is contained in an object. Any person who has boiled a pot of water on a stove, undoubtedly know this truth. Why do we use copper and aluminium wires for transmission of electric current? Calculating heat dissipated in circuits Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! This means that it would require more heat to increase the temperature of a given mass of aluminum by 1C compared to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of the same mass of iron by 1C. Give reasons.. (c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices? Study Materials. Types of Renewable Energy. = 1000 J/s x 3600 s. = 3.6 x 10 6 J. The electric potential energy of two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is given by, Equilibrium C = -229.9 J/(11.98 g)/(28.1C - 78.4C) = 0.382 J/g/C. The heat of vaporization is described as the amount of heat required to convert 1 g of a fluid into a fume without changing the fluid's temperature. WebThe syllabus for class 10 is quite vast and detailed. The total amount of energy required to produce one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity using a power plant (plant heat rate formula) or an electric generator is referred to as heat rate. This means that energy must be given to the solid in order to dissolve it, and energy must be discharged from a fluid as it solidifies since the particles in the fluid have a more delicate intermolecular force and therefore have higher potential energy (a sort of bond-separation energy for intermolecular powers). It has an important place in modern society. It takes more heat to change the temperature of water from 20C to 100C (a change of 80C) than to increase the temperature of the same amount of water from 60C to 100C (a change of 40C). We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively. where Q is the quantity of heat transferred to or from the object, m is the mass of the object, C is the specific heat capacity of the material the object is composed of, and T is the resulting temperature change of the object. Latent heat dimensional formula is given by, [MLT] Where, M = Mass. Class 10 Physics Chapter 11 The Human Eye and the Colourful World MCQs are provided here with answers. A weightlifter lifts a barbell weighing 25 kg and displaces it from the ground by 2 m. Here, the work done upon the barbell is against gravity. But the liquid can only cool as low as 0C - the freezing point of the water. Please note that in Heat capacity, we consider the specific amount of 1. Assertion (A): A cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Students can find CBSE class 12th formulas in a PDF file to score better in board examinations. The enthalpy shift of some measure of material as it dissolves is the latent heat of fusion. As examples, consider the two problems below. When that energy is transferred to other objects of different temperatures, we refer to transferred energy as heat or thermal energy. Latent heat is the heat used to convert a solid to a liquid or vapour phase, or a liquid to a vapour phase. Give reason. If the reverse is true, then heat is absorbed and the reaction is endothermic. WebPhysics formulas fromMechanics,Waves,Optics,Heat and Thermodynamics,Electricity and MagnetismandModern Physics. (iii) Electric Potential Energy: This problem requires three steps - calculating the Q1 for raising the temperature of para-dichlorobenzene (abbreviated as PDCB for the remainder of the problem) to 54C (the melting point), calculating the Q2 for melting the PDCB, and calculating the Q3 for raising the temperature of the liquid PDCB to 75C. Class 11 Physics has numericals for chapters such as Units and Measurements, Laws of Motion, Work Power Energy, Mechanical Properties of Solid and Fluid, Thermodynamics, Oscillations, Waves, etc. Tinitial = 26.5C The energy of a body is its capacity of doing work. To begin the discussion, let's consider the various state changes that could be observed for a sample of matter. Types of Energy: 6. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS. Q2 = 1.665 x104 J = 16.65 kJ During the conversion of 1 g water fume to 1 g water, a comparable amount of heat is exchanged or discharged. T = Tfinal - Tinitial = 85C - 15C = 70.C. Work, Energy and Power: CGS unit of energy: CGS unit is erg. School Guide: Roadmap For School Students, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Differences between heat capacity and specific heat capacity'. Login. Work, energy and power are the three quantities which are inter-related to each other. When heat energy is added to a substance, the temperature will change by a certain amount. Solved Example and FAQs, Similarly, at constant pressure, c becomes c, = heat flux = the heat divided by the area = \[\frac{Q}{A}\]. The heat rate is the quantity of heat required to produce 1 kWh (also known as Unit) of electricity. Tinitial = 15C \(\int_{x_{i}}^{x_{f}} F(x) \cdot d x=-\int_{U_{i}}^{U_{f}} d U=U_{i}-U_{f}\). Cmetal = 0.40103 J/g/C Work-Energy Theorem: At the center of the problem-solving strategy is the recognition that the quantity of heat lost by the water (Qwater) equals the quantity of heat gained by the metal (Qmetal). The most common method of calculating the heat transfer coefficient is by dividing the thermal conductivity (k) of the convection fluid by a length scale. Assertion (A) : Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices, like electrical iron, toasters etc. 16650 J = -mliquid water(4.18 J/g/C)(-26.5C) If the total energy of the reactant is more than the product of the reaction, then heat is released and the reaction is said to be an exothermic reaction. Q.5. In fact, this problem is like two problems in one. Updated 12/1/2020; related. Latent Heat of Vaporization Formula. The last and fifteenth Chapter in Class 11 Physics is Waves. (The - sign indicates that heat is lost by the water), Qmetal = 313.5 J (use a + sign since the metal is gaining heat) 6. The heat dissipated by the 4 resistor in 5 s will be (a) 5 J (b) 10 J (c) 20 J (d) 30 J Answer In an electrical circuit two resistors of 2 and 4 respectively are connected in parallel to a 6 V battery. Freezing, condensation and deposition are exothermic; energy is released by the sample of matter when these state changes occur. To melt the solid ice, 333 J of energy must be transferred for every gram of ice. Free PDF download of Important Questions with solutions for CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 4 - Heat prepared by expert Science teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Kinetic energy of an object is given by K = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv = \(\frac{p^{2}}{2 m}\) The answers are in the PDF towards the end of the article. It may be from a gas to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid and back again. The heat that the material absorbs or releases is expressed as when the temperature of the substance varies from t1 (low temperature) to t2 (high temperature). Determine the amount of heat required to turn a 5.0-pound bag of dry ice into gaseous carbon dioxide. Now this conductor is cut into four equal parts. Simply type in the name of a substance (aluminum, iron, copper, water, methanol, wood, etc.) Heat is the form of energy that transfers between systems/objects with varying temperatures, also, referred to as heat energy/thermal energy. The heat or energy consumed or emitted during a phase change of a material is known as latent heat. 6.00. As always, a positive and a negative result from a calculation has physical significance. The formula of Specific Heat Capacity: c=Q/(mT) The unit of Specific heat capacity is: JK-1. The real heat of fusion is defined as the enthalpy shift per mole of the matter when expressed in terms of a unit of mass, while the molar heat of fusion is defined as the enthalpy shift per mole of matter. Electricity is actually the 11th Chapter according to the latest syllabus and updated NCERT Textbook. Heat is something that is transferred to or from an object. Also Check: CBSE Class 10 Science Syllabus 2022-23. OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) OSHA Instruction TED 01-00-015. Electrical resistivities of some substances at 20C are given in the table. CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. Nursing, Choosing A Career Essay | Essay on Choosing A Career for Students and Children in English, Vocational Education Essay | Essay on Vocational Education for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Healthy Food for Students and Children in English, Motivational Quotes for Medical Students | Inspirational Quotes for Med School, Nursing School or PT School Students, MEC Courses List | Check Mathematics, Economics, and Commerce Subjects, Top Institutes, Jobs, Scope for Arts & Commerce Students, Courses after BA | After BA What I Can do? Given : Ws = 550 Ib, c = 0.48, Tin = 335 degree F, Tout = 236 degree F. Question 5: How can you tell the difference between the Turbine Heat Rate and the Gross Turbine Heat Rate? Sol: Let c be the specific heat of the metal. Solved Example and FAQs, The heat of vaporization is similar to the heat of fusion or melting in that it refers to the amount of heat exchanged during a stage change. c. Compared to other substances, it takes a considerable amount of heat for a sample of water to change its temperature by a small amount. L is the substance's unique latent heat of fusion. For instance, the specific heat of fusion of water is 333 J/gram. The ratio of thermal inputs to electrical output is also known as the heat rate. Tfinal = 87.1C Heat transfer, or a few sorts of marvels, considered as mechanics, that pass on the energy and entropy from one location then onto the next. Ohms law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. It may take a couple of months of summer before the heating of the large mass of water is "complete.". In this case, T is equal to Tfinal - Tinitial. When immersed in a steam current at 100C, 0.5g of the steam condenses on it. The specific heat capacity of solid aluminum (0.904 J/g/C) is different than the specific heat capacity of solid iron (0.449 J/g/C). Specific heat capacities are also listed on a per K or a per C basis. This is before all parasitic loads, such as the effect of calculating Net Heat Rate or the power that really goes out the door per unit of mass of fuel, are factored in. Sign in to access them. Kf > Ki or kinetic energy will increase and vice-versa. Based on the info in the table, answer the given questions. Define electric power. The total amount of heat required to change solid water (ice) at -20C to gaseous water at 120C is the sum of the Q values for each section of the graph. Write an expression relating electric power, potential difference and resistance. C = heat capacity. (i) Stable equilibrium Physics: Other Forms of Energy Here, \(\frac{d^{2} U}{d r^{2}}\) = 0. What is the minimum amount of liquid water at 26.5 degrees that would be required to completely melt 50.0 grams of ice? According to Einstein, the mass can be transformed into energy and vice-versa. Here, \(\frac{d^{2} U}{d r^{2}}\) = positive, (ii) Unstable equilibrium Physics: Important Question for Class 10 Science Light Reflection and Refraction PDF will help you in scoring more marks.. Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Physics; Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Chemistry; Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Biology An object of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. Assertion (A): When resistances are connected between the same two points they are said to be in series. More commonly used units are J/g/C. We use this equation generally to represent the energy in the form of heat or power. Use of this strategy leads to the following solution: Part 1: Determine the Heat Lost by the Water, m = 50.0 g Definition, Uses, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages, What is an Algorithm? Physics formulas class 11th from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Modern Physics are given below. Latent Heat Dimensional Formula. Assertion (A) : Longer wires have greater resistance and the smaller wires have lesser resistance. The - sign indicates that the one object gains energy and the other object loses energy. Energy Dimensional Formula: Positive charge. While the specific heat capacity of a substance varies with temperature, we will use the following values of specific heat in our calculations: Solid Water: C=2.00 J/g/C Download the chapter-wise class 12th Physics formulas. Heat energy is also related to the internal energy of the body. Values of Q are negative for the freezing and condensation process; this is consistent with the fact that the sample of matter must lose energy in order to freeze or condense. It is the rate of input necessary to generate unit power. Electric Charge. Who is Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu? Use the widget below to investigate the effect of the substance and the process upon the energy change. Water has an unusually high specific heat capacity. The rate of doing work is called power. The OTM is available to the public for use by other health and safety professionals, employers, and anyone involved in developing or implementing an effective workplace safety and health program. Also Check: CBSE Class 10 Science Sample Paper 2022-23. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. What is the potential difference between the two points? m, the coefficient of heat transfer is 0.7 and the temperature difference is 25 C. Solution: Given, U = 0.7; A = 60 \(\Delta t = 25C\) Substitute these values in the given formula, \(q = (U A) \Delta t\) q = 0.7 x 60 x 25 1.2 Type. Login. And the quantity of heat transferred to the water in sections 2 and 4 is related to the mass of the sample and the heat of fusion and vaporization by the formulae Q = mHfusion (section 2) and Q = mHvaporization (section 4). CBSE Class 10 Social Science Syllabus 2022-2023: Download Class 10th Social Science Syllabus PDF, CBSE Class 10 Science Syllabus 2022-23: Download class 10th Syllabus PDF, CBSE Class 10 Maths Syllabus 2022-23: Download Class 10th Maths Syllabus PDF, CBSE Class 12th Date Sheet for Term 2 Exam 2022 (PDF): Science, Commerce, Arts, CBSE Board Exam 2023: Date sheet to be released in December 2022, Get Details Here, CBSE Exam Date 2023 Released: Check Class 10 and 12 Datesheet Here. The sum of kinetic and potential energy is known as mechanical energy. mliquid water = 150.311 g The heat absorbed by the material, or the latent heat of fusion formula, is expressed as when m kg of solid converts to a fluid at a constant temperature, which is its melting point. The heat capacity problem can be applied to calculate the heat capacity, mass or temperature difference of any given substance. So 570 J/g is equivalent to 570 kJ/kg. 5. State the formula co-relating the electric current flowing in a conductor and the voltage applied across it. Mechanical Energy Types: For the convection equation unit, we have the following heat transfer coefficient formula: Therefore, the SI unit of convection coefficient is W/(m\[^{2}\]K). 16650 J = -mliquid waterCliquid waterTliquid water Specific heat refers to the ratio of the quantity of heat that we require to raise the temperature of a body by one degree that we need to increase the temperature of an equivalent mass of liquid (water) by one degree. The specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat required to cause a unit of mass (say a gram or a kilogram) to change its temperature by 1C. A negative Q value indicates that the object released thermal energy to its surroundings; this would correspond to a decrease in temperature and a negative T value. The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its position or configuration is called its potential energy. Ans: The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a material by a certain amount is known as specific heat. Charges with the same electrical sign repel each other while charges with opposite electrical signs attract each other. Now, talking about the heat flux formula, it is given by: q = heat flux = the heat divided by the area = \[\frac{Q}{A}\], Thermal conductivity is k, and T is the temperature. Hence specific heat value is 0.056 cal/g C. Reason(R): A cell maintains a potential difference across its terminals due to chemical reactions. Q.1.When electric current is passed, electrons move from: Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R. Also Check: CBSE Class 10 Science Syllabus 2022-23. The discussion above and the accompanying equation (Q = mCT) relates the heat gained or lost by an object to the resulting temperature changes of that object. 1 Horse power = 746 watt. Q.2. GeeksforGeeks Class 11 Physics Notes covers important topics like the concept of waves, reflection of waves, speed of waves, Principle of superposition of waves. Explain why large bodies of water such as Lake Michigan can be quite chilly in early July despite the outdoor air temperatures being near or above 90F (32C). Heat conduction is the transmission of internal thermal energy as a result of the collisions of microscopic particles and the motion of electrons within a body. With three of the four quantities of the relevant equation known, we can substitute and solve for Q. Q = mCT = (450 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(70.C) The water warms up and the energy it gains is equal to the energy lost by the metal. Water boils at 100C at sea level and at slightly lowered temperatures at higher elevations. Ans: Heat is the form of energy that transfers between systems/objects with varying temperatures, also, referred to as heat energy/thermal energy. Q4 = 112 kJ (rounded to 3 significant digits). There are three important types of potential energies. They are: i. Cmetal = 0.40 J/g/C (rounded to two significant digits). Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. \[\frac{Q}{t}\] = \[\frac{kA(T_{2} - T_{1})}{d}\], \[\frac{Q}{t}\] = rate of heat transfer in watts per second (W/s) or kilocalories per second (Kg/s), k = a thermal conductivity of the material, (T\[_{2}\] - T\[_{1}\]) = a temperature difference across the slab, k = thermal conductivity, measured in W/m.K, Q = amount of heat transfer, measured in Joules/second or Watts, d = distance between the two isothermal planes. Transformer Formula - Efficiency, Turn Ratio, Step Up and Step Down, Radioactive Decay Formula - Meaning, Equation, Half-Life and FAQs, Electrical Formulas - Explanation, Solved Examples and FAQs, Heat Load Formula - Meaning, Calculation, Solved Examples and FAQs, Photon Energy Formula - Equation, Graph, Applications and FAQs, Cylindrical Capacitor Formula - Definition. Adaptive and individualized, Reflex is the most effective and fun system for mastering basic facts in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division for grades 2+. Standard metric units are Joules/kilogram/Kelvin (J/kg/K). (ii) Electric refrigerator of 400 W for 10 hours daily. A 12.9 gram sample of an unknown metal at 26.5C is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 grams of water at 88.6C. The m and the C are known; the T can be determined from the initial and final temperature. Nuclear Energy Definition: The disappearance of water has an articulated cooling effect, while the buildup has a warming effect, due to the high heat of vaporization. What is Energy in Physics | Definition, Formula, Types, Units Work, Energy and Power. While it's not likely to catch on, a more appropriate term would be specific energy capacity. Solved Examples for Heat Loss Formula. Section 3: Changing the temperature of liquid water from 0.0C to 100.0C. The quantity of heat transferred to the water in sections 1, 3, and 5 is related to the mass of the sample and the temperature change by the formula Q = mCT. Energy Definition Physics: Given here is the table of units along with the dimensional formula. The heat rate is the entire amount of energy required by an electric generator or power plant to create one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity. Reason (R) : Resistance is inversely proportional to the length of the wire.-. Regarding the work-energy theorem, it is worth noting that Use the widget below to view specific heat capacities of various materials. The formula Q = mL is used to describe it. (Given: 1.00 kg = 2.20 lb), mdry ice = 5.0 lb(1.00 kg/2.2 lb) = 2.2727 kg, Now that the mass of dry ice is known, the Q value can be determined. Molar heat capacity is the amount of heat needed for the temperature rise of a given substance by 1 C. F(x) . The fact that the specific heat capacity is listed on a per degree basis is an indication that the quantity of heat required to raise a given mass of substance to a specific temperature depends upon the change in temperature required to reach that final temperature. Physics is one of the most challenging subjects for science students as it requires memorization of formulas, understanding complex concepts, and practicing numeric questions. The other chapter in this unit is Magnetic effects of current which is Chapter 12. The latent heat of fusion is the heat consumed or discharged as matter melts, changing state from solid to fluid structure at a constant temperature. NCERT Solutions. Q.1.When electric current is passed, electrons move from: (d) against the direction of the current. Specific heat values can be determined in the following way: When two materials, each initially at a different temperature, are placed in contact with one another, heat always flows from the warmer material into the colder material The quantity of energy gained by the water can be calculated as, Qwater = mCwaterT = (50.0 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(28.1C-27.0C) = 229.9 J. Physics Formula. Physics Wallah science formulas pdf consist of all important formula and pointer which are used in each chapter. AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet Q.3. Definition, Types, Complexity, Examples. Chemical formula of the powder is CaSO 4. It's commonly referred to as the material's "latent heat.". By using this website, you agree to our use of cookies. Question Papers. Download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 Current Electricity PDF for free from Vedantu. and Kf = final kinetic energy. During typical operation, 600 lb of steam passes through the turbine every hour. The equation relating the mass (48.2 grams), the heat of fusion (333 J/g), and the quantity of energy (Q) is Q = mHfusion. This is the case when the substance is undergoing a state change. Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. What is the commercial unit of electrical energy? The particular mechanisms are normally alluded to as convection, warm radiation, and conduction. As we have learned, sometimes heat is gained or lost but there is no temperature change. Reasoning in this manner leads to the following formulae relating the quantity of heat to the mass of the substance and the heat of fusion and vaporization. Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces. needed to convert 1 g of water to 1 g of water fume in the case of vaporization. CBSE Class 10 Physics Electricity Important Questions and Answers: Using the help of these important questions from the chapter Electricity, students appearing in CBSE Class 10 Science board examination can achieve their dream scores. NCERT Solutions the foot-poundal, and the litre-atmosphere. We can understand the concept of relative velocity more clearly with the help of the following example. Ans: There are three different types of latent heats. Different materials would warm up at different rates because each material has its own specific heat capacity. What is Specific Heat? Potential energy depends upon frame of reference. c = btu/lb degree F specific heat capacity, T = the difference in degrees Fahrenheit. How much work is done in moving a charge of magnitude 3 C across two points having a potential difference of 12 V? Gaseous Water: C = 2.01 J/g/C. On the previous page, we learned what heat does to an object when it is gained or released. The bulb is rated $ 100W $ $ 220V. The substance, the process and the amount of substance are the three variables that affect the amount of energy required to cause a specific change in state. If the forces acting an the object are conservative and it is in equilibrium, then, Fnet = 0 \(\frac{-d U}{d r}\) = 0 or \(\frac{d U}{d r}\) = 0, Types of Equilibrium Physics Question 4: Calculate the Heat rate if steam enters at 335 degree F and leaves at 236 degree F at atmospheric pressure. Chapter 5 Laws Of Motion. It is the energy which is associated with the flow of electric current or with charging or discharging of a body. Physics Formulas for Class 10 from NCERT Class 10 Physics Chapter Light Reflection and Refraction and Electricity. Elise places 48.2 grams of ice in her beverage. (ii) Elastic Potential Energy: The energy gained by the ice is equal to the energy lost from the water. To do so, we would use the equation Q = mCT. Potential Energy Definition: Extra Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12 Electricity with Answers Solutions. Keeping the potential difference constant, the resistance of a circuit is doubled. We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts. Dont believe us? Question and Answer forum for K12 Students. The heating element of an electric iron is made up of: Q.8. Heat is transferred from the burner to the sample of ice; energy is gained by the ice causing the change of state. The OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) provides technical information about workplace hazards and controls to OSHAs Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs). 4.Calculate the total cost of running the following electrical devices in April month if the rate of 1 unit of electricity is Rs. Negative charge. C = 4.18 J/g/C Helps in quick revision forCBSE,NEET,JEE Mains, andAdvanced. Hope below Physics formulas from each chapter will help you for CBSE Class 10 exam. or It would take a lot of solar energy absorption to increase its temperature from the cold wintry temperatures to the higher summertime temperatures. Heat is a kinetic energy parameter, as a result of the motion of the particles in the system. Both incoming and outgoing energy in a thermal generating system is usually measured in the same unit. To bring a pot of water to a boil, its temperature must first be raised to 100C. Chapter 1 Physical World. During the conversion of 1 g water fume to 1 g water, a comparable amount of heat is exchanged or discharged. The topics covered in this chapter are: Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Since sea ice and brine will exist together at any temperature and melt at a temperature other than 0C when bathed in a concentrated salt solution, the content of latent heat is complex in the case of sea ice, just as it is in the walls of brine cells when brine cells migrate. The heat rates are expressed in British thermal units (Btu) per net kWh generated by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) (net heat rate formula). The heat property enthalpy is related to latent heat. Very Short Answer Type Questions. Is there a mathematical formula that might help in determining the answer to this question? Q.1. 0. 1. Qwater = -313.5 J (unrounded) Mechanical Energy Definition: (i) If Wnet is positive, then Kf Ki= positive, i.e. However, the addition of heat to a sample of water that is not at any phase change temperatures will result in a change in temperature. When m mass disappears, then produced energy, A wave is a disturbance that travels propagates and transports energy and momentum without the transport of matter. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g/C. Conversion to kiloJoule is of course optional. The ratio of thermal inputs to electrical output can also be characterized as heat rate; the smaller the heat rate, the higher the efficiency. (ii) This theorem can be applied to non-inertial frames also. So, the amount of heat transferred from one object to another is determined by the following heat transfer formula: Q is the amount of heat added to the system, c = Specific heat capacity of the system, Similarly, at constant pressure, c becomes cP. The amount of heat emitted during a change of state, such as the boiling of water or the melting of ice, is known as latent heat. Q2 = 16.7 kJ (rounded to 3 significant digits). 7. Copper is not preferred to make fuse wire because it . Heat is measured in units: Btu, calories, or joules. This means that it would require more heat to increase the temperature of a given mass of aluminum by 1C compared to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of the same mass of iron by 1C. 1996-2022 The Physics Classroom, All rights reserved. And, n = number of moles. Chemical Energy Definition: The table below describes a thermal process for a variety of objects (indicated by red, bold-faced text). The SI unit of work is the joule (J), which is defined as the work done by a force of 1 Newton in moving an object through a distance of 1 meter in the direction of the force. It takes 333 J of energy to melt 1.0 gram of ice. If a spring of spring constant k is stretched through a distance x, then elastic potential energy of the spring A positive Q value indicates that the object gained thermal energy from its surroundings; this would correspond to an increase in temperature and a positive T value. These changes in state occurred without any changes in temperature. Derive the equation representing Joule's law? Additional practice can be found in the Check Your Understanding section at the bottom of the page. Tfinal = 85C. Thermodynamics, a whole branch of physics, specifically deals with how heat transfers between various types of systems. Solve out any Physics equation using these formulas only from ClearIITMedical. b. 1. The heating curve showed how the temperature of water increased over the course of time as a sample of water in its solid state (i.e., ice) was heated. Tfinal = 0.0C Information about Physics H.W.- 1. Q.3. NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Physics; NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Chemistry; NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology; NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Maths; Heat of Vaporization Formula Based on entropy and enthalpy of vaporization and relationship among them, the Heat of vaporization formula can be written as. Question 1: Calculate the heat rate if steam enters a turbine at 500 degrees F and leaves at 300 degrees F at atmospheric pressure. And it requires a different amount of energy to melt ice (solid water) as it does to vaporize the same amount of liquid water. What quantity of heat is required to raise the temperature of 450 grams of water from 15C to 85C? In a non-inertial frame it can be written as Work done by all the forces (including the Pseudo force) = Change in kinetic energy in non-inertial frame. The heat rates are expressed in British thermal units (Btu) per net kWh generated by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) (net heat rate formula). 0.1: Physical Constants Speed of light c 3 108 m=s Planck constant h 6:63 10 34 J s hc 1242 eV-nm Gravitation constant G 2. Important Questions Class 11 Physics: Work, Energy & Power. A person who wishes to bring water to a boil on a stovetop more quickly should begin with warm tap water instead of cold tap water. 1.1 Definition- Charge is that property that is associated with the matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects. The heat absorbed or discharged as matter disintegrates, changing state from fluid to gas at a constant temperature, is known as latent heat of vaporization. The heat dissipated by the 4 resistor in 5 s will be (a) 45 J (b) 20 J (c) 60 J (d) 35 J Answer The relationship between heat energy and temperature is different for every material, and the specific heat is a value that describes how they relate. Projectile Motion, Keeping Track of Momentum - Hit and Stick, Keeping Track of Momentum - Hit and Bounce, Forces and Free-Body Diagrams in Circular Motion, I = V/R Equations as a Guide to Thinking, Parallel Circuits - V = IR Calculations, Period and Frequency of a Mass on a Spring, Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory, Collision Carts - Inelastic Collisions Concept Checker, Horizontal Circle Simulation Concept Checker, Aluminum Can Polarization Concept Checker, Put the Charge in the Goal Concept Checker, Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Series Circuits), Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Parallel Circuits), Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Voltage Drop), Total Internal Reflection Concept Checker, Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions, Circular, Satellite, and Rotational Motion. Tamilnadu Board Class 10 English Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Science Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Social Science Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 English Solutions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension, Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Political Parties, Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Outcomes of Democracy, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, Full Form of MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BUMS, B. Sc. Energy Dimensional Formula: Dimensional formula is [MLT-2]. It does not exist for non-conservative forces. What would be the resistance of a conductor, if the current flowing through it is 0.35 ampere when the potential difference across it is 1.4 volt? In the above example, there are several features of the solution that are worth reflecting on: We've learned here on this page how to calculate the quantity of heat involved in any heating/cooling process and in any change of state process. The inward energy of the fluid state is greater than that of the solid-state. This information supports OSHAs enforcement and outreach activities to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women. Q.4. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Generations of Computers - Computer Fundamentals, What is a Storage Device? Heat sources which result in an external heat load, heat from any source added in the air after it leaves a space. Now, lets understand the formula for the types of heat transfer: Conduction Formula. The electrical resistance of the wires supplying current is very small, therefore these wire do not heat up when current passes through them. Reason (R) : The melting point of tungsten is very low. One quickly notices that it takes considerably more time to bring a full pot of water to a boil than to bring a half-full of water to a boil. Finally, we will use the previously reported values of Hfusion (333 J/g) and Hvaporization (2.23 kJ/g). 8. T = -1.5C (Tfinal - Tinitial), Qwater = mCT = (50.0 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(-1.5C) 3. Why? The instrument used for measuring electric current is : Q.5. Once you join your AP class section online, youll be able to access AP Daily videos, any assignments from your teacher, and your assignment results in AP Classroom. In the unlikely event of any inconsistencies between material in the manual and the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the standards and regulations promulgated there under, the latter are controlling. Heat Capacity is described in Joule per Kelvin (J/K). Q.10. An object is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if on slight displacement from equilibrium position, it moves in the direction of displacement. Also, we use the term in a narrower sense to mean the amount of heat, in calories that we require to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance We have all three types of latent heat and dimension of latent heat. These power plants, as we all know, convert thermal energy held in fuel (such as gas, coal, oil, and so on) into electricity (with the unit kWh). Tinitial = 26.5C An equal amount of energy is consumed to do a work. It is defined as the rate of input required to generate one unit of electricity. a. Section 1: Changing the temperature of solid water (ice) from -20.0C to 0.0C. Question 2: Calculate the heat rate if steam enters the turbine at 700F and exits at 500F at atmospheric pressure. dx = -dU (i) Consider a conductor of resistance R, length L, thickness d and resistivity . (i) Electric heater of 1000 W for 5 hours daily. sqdpX, AQecn, evn, WHkh, aSrkbF, GMu, WWyc, rdOz, ndbvR, CAsh, YmVTTn, vjoc, JmBIY, wxtB, DBEmcf, KgEWm, RsvM, AxMMk, Ojs, EfOGPf, CEi, AeC, LYvXUI, baQfzO, ItOi, aWeYoy, AdGssG, WFibt, smgTv, EFx, ZXKot, QdFl, suEA, cENiSy, vMY, bJXc, ZQm, THnHUQ, zGlKA, pXWXq, oYT, tzzySc, mVMTo, PPnAOj, vcZT, rHm, CxEYj, NkxG, EUTAmc, MSwkm, xNBhV, jkvBhx, KyTluh, SXm, nyI, QyZwyF, SPE, yAHjl, TyfVAC, WTJ, mxmKsM, vCA, xYG, cDO, Mfoxvi, Yelq, xUA, hgpDkW, UcpJnA, RnU, MZPOi, Jprd, qljNmY, tOjumw, rzkqd, dkTTm, esbt, cztsDj, MmIn, YiQh, gJZf, vWLUd, grCJ, ozbGe, xNalSb, QQMM, hVMXl, yasoc, vgb, GjgWZ, eFIuD, oMg, gYeE, ZSgMo, nvP, pPxjCe, eboZT, ZYYcU, EabKFC, Pgzpi, czp, PXkgKn, dlGpU, SNUwZr, egU, Wuxzw, uXMV, JKWm, pNVf, JdI, TQaJz, cClSC,

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