Once the statues arrived at their destination, the final carving was done. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images. [25] Yet, to the Greek historians Ctesias and Herodotus (c.400BC), Nineveh was a thing of the past; and when Xenophon passed the place in the 4th century BC he described it as abandoned. Where will I seek comforters for you?". The destruction of the city by fire is probably referred to in 3:13,15. Sennacherib's Description of Nineveh.1. The extremists used explosives to destroy the saints tomb and its elaborate carvings and decorations. [5] Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens. Large amounts of Assyrian sculpture and other artifacts have been excavated there, and are now located in museums around the world. Stop!" In ancient times it must have been a place of some importance, as Esarhaddon seems to have built a palace there, as well as a "seat" for his eldest son, Assur-bani-apli. The chambers, which are grouped around courtyards, are long and narrow, with small square rooms at the ends. Luke 11:32 The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, one greater than Jonah is here. Read Full Article, Nineveh in Easton's Bible DictionaryFirst mentioned in Gen. 10:11, which is rendered in the Revised Version, "He [i.e., Nimrod] went forth into Assyria and builded Nineveh." An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over two million dressed stones. En el sigloXIX, el cnsul francs en Mosul empez a buscar en los grandes montculos que haba en la otra orilla del ro. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)[39] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. Mari flourished in the Bronze Age, between 3000 and 1600 B.C. Jonah 3:5 The people of Nineveh believed God; and they proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. [12] The development and culture of Nineveh paralleled Tepe Gawra and Tell Arpachiyah a few kilometers to the northeast. Nineveh the Later Capital: How long Nineveh had been the capital of Assyria is unknown. According to reports from locals and satellite imagery, the site, especially the royal palace, is being looted systematically. The kingdom of Assyria and of the Assyrians is referred to in the Old Testament as connected with the Jews at a very early period, as in Nu 24:22,24 and Psal 83:8 but after the notice of the foundation of Nineveh in Genesis no further mention is made of the city until the time of the book of Jonah, or the eighth century B.C. The city was also known as Ninuwa in Mari;[4] Ninawa in Aramaic;[4] Ninwe () in Syriac;[citation needed] and Nainav () in Persian. The king, recognizing in this the fulfillment of the oracle, gathered together his concubines and eunuchs, and, mounting a funeral pyre which he had caused to be constructed, perished in the flames. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built. (, Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an, "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson), Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. The discovery offers exciting new opportunities for research, with archaeologists now returning to Mosul to dig deeper into the history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 2000. NINEVEH was also famous in the ancient world because it was a center for the worship of Ishtar (Astarte) the fertility goddess. The group released photos of the destruction, and satellite images have since confirmed the Roman-era building was wiped out. In 1847 the young British diplomat Austen Henry Layard explored the ruins. R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hamilton, "The British Museum excavations on the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh 193031". Palaces at Nineveh Proper.The palaces at Nineveh were built upon extensive artificial platforms between 30 and 50 ft. high, either of sundried brick, as at Nimroud, or of earth and rubbish, as at Kouyunjik. The English placename Nineveh comes from Latin Nnev and Septuagint Greek Nineu () under influence of the Biblical Hebrew Nnweh (),[3] from the Akkadian Ninua (var. A church was converted into a Muslim shrine to the prophet Jonah, which continued to attract pilgrims until its destruction by ISIL in 2014. Now he obeys and goes to Nineveh, the capital of Israels ancient enemy. It housed the world's oldest known Christian church, a beautifully decorated synagogue, and many other temples and Roman-era buildings. The city is home to a diverse population of Turkmens, Arabs, Kurds, and Assyrians. I had closed my Bible, and prayed for faith. Alexandria, Rome, or These latter, however, probably never had the importance of Nineveh, and attained their position merely on account of the reigning king building a palace and residing there. Most of the reliefs and many of the statues were removed during French excavations in the mid-1800s and by teams from Chicago's Oriental Institute in the 1920s and '30s, and are now in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad as well as in Chicago and the Louvre in Paris. En algunas de las tablillas se hace mencin al posible uso de algo similar al Tornillo de Arqumedes para elevar agua, junto a otras tablillas que mencionan jardines. About 700 b.c. Online Library of Liberty The OLL is a curated collection of scholarly works that engage with vital questions of liberty. El cuneiforme para Nin es un pez dentro de una casa (cf. The Fall of Babylon denotes the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire after it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.. Nabonidus (Nab-na'id, 556539 BCE), son of the Assyrian priestess Adda-Guppi, came to the throne in 556 BCE, after overthrowing the young king Labashi-Marduk.For long periods he entrusted rule to his son, prince and coregent Belshazzar, who was Quintus Curtius Rufus (fl. The greatness of Nineveh was short-lived. Its Walls2. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. [15] Iraqi Scarlet Ware culture also belongs to this period; this colourful painted pottery is somewhat similar to Jemdet Nasr ware. [29] The discovery of the fifteen Jubilees texts found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls has since shown that, according to the Jewish sects of Qumran, Genesis 10:11 affirms the apportionment of Nineveh to Ashur. Whatever happened to Nineveh, Jonah would not be there to see it. How did this royal tomb become an ancient wonder? His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. Men were also shown smashing half-human, half-animal guardian statues called lamassus on Nineveh's ancient Nirgal Gate. In the final phase of the Early Bronze, Mesopotamia was dominated by the Ur III empire. Nab Ynus es el rabe para "Profeta Jons". It is quite broad, measuring about 800 by 500 metres (2,625ft 1,640ft). These trips help you embrace itor escape it. The Book of Jonah, set in the days of the Assyrian Empire, describes it[43][44] as an "exceedingly great city of three days' journey in breadth", whose population at that time is given as "more than 120,000". En ese tiempo el rea total de Nnive, ocupaba unos 7 km y 15 grandes puertas permitan el paso de sus murallas. A partir de entonces, sucesivos monarcas mantuvieron y fundaron nuevos palacios, as como templos dedicados a Sin, Nergal, Inanna, Shamash, Ishtar y Nabu de Borsippa. Arbaces, the Scythian, besieged it, but could not make any impression on it for 2 years. [25] According to Tacitus, in AD 50 Meherdates, a claimant to the Parthian throne with Roman support, took Nineveh. The picture of the scenes in her streets-the noise of the whip, the rattling wheels, the prancing horses, the bounding chariots (3:2;), followed by a vivid description of the carnage of the battlefield-is exceedingly striking, and true to their records and their sculptures.LITERATURE.The standard books on the discovery and exploration of Nineveh are Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains (two volumes, 1849); Nineveh and Babylon (1853); Monuments of Nineveh, 1st and 2nd series (plates) (1849 and 1853); and Hormuzd Hassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (Cincinnati and New York, 1897).T. "The destruction of Hatra marks a turning point in the appalling strategy of cultural cleansing underway in Iraq," UNESCO head Irina Bokova said at the time. [13][14] The context of the etymology surrounding the name is the Exorcist called a Mashmash in Sumerian, was a freelance magician who operated independent of the official priesthood, and was in part a medical professional via the act of expelling demons. [18] The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo. Although there had been archaeological digs on the site before, in the 1960s and 1970s, this particular room had never previously been excavated, according to Danti. Nineveh was one of them, flourishing under the Assyrian emperor Sennacherib around 700 B.C. Researchers have finally figured out what triggers thempaving the way for the first new class of treatments since 1941. The date of this foundation is unknown, but it may have taken place about 3OOO B.C.3. It was in this palace that were found the reliefs depicting the siege of Lachish, with the representation of Sennacherib seated on his "standing" throne, while the captives and the spoil of the city passed before him. [27], In 627, the city was the site of the Battle of Nineveh between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians. The city is home to a diverse population of Turkmens, Arabs, Kurds, and Assyrians. 1994. by Assyria's King Sargon II. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his land."[21]. Pottery jar, Tepeyatagi, Khudat district, Kura-Araxtes culture. The Palace of Assur-bani-apliIV. On July 24, 2014, the Islamic State destroyed the shrine as part of a campaign to destroy religious sanctuaries it deemed "un-Islamic",[71] but also to loot that site through tunneling. The Battle of Baghdad, also known as the Fall of Baghdad, was a military battle that took place in Baghdad in early April 2003, as part of the invasion of Iraq.. Three weeks into the invasion of Iraq, Coalition Forces Land Component Command elements, led by the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division, captured Baghdad.Over 2,000 Iraqi soldiers as well as 34 coalition troops were killed in the battle. At a depth of 54 gar, the underground water-level, its foundations were laid upon blocks of stone, the object of this great depth being to frustrate undermining. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon. In other bas-reliefs it is apparently the pleasure grounds of the palace which are seen. In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-mile Botta, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. The Neo But the truth for Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire is true of every nation on earth. Calah, Resen and Rehoboth-Ir6. The copper came from the mines at Ergani. Nineveh in Smith's Bible Dictionary(abode of Ninus), the capital of the ancient kingdom and empire of Assyria. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. We all should try to look past the 'normalcy' in our own nations and our own lives, because one day our nations will pass, one day our lives will end and the only thing left to us will be our relationship with God, standing either in our own righteousness, or in the righteousness provided as a free gift in Jesus Christ. However, no such library was ever found: most likely, it had been destroyed by the activities of later residents. The Gates-Northwest3. They also threatened to destroy artifacts. The great defensive wall which he built was called by the Sumerian name of Bad-imgallabi-lu-susu, which he translates as "the wall whose glory overthrows the enemy." Tell Nebi Yunus is located about 1 kilometre (0.6mi) south of Kuyunjiq and is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. Luke 11:30 For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will also the Son of Man be to this generation. Sennacherib claimed that he had built a "Wonder for all Peoples", and said he was the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the "lost-wax" process for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings. An elaborate system of eighteen canals brought water from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were discovered at Jerwan, about 65 kilometres (40mi) distant. The palace ruins show numerous halls, rooms and passages, many of which were faced with slabs of coarse alabaster, sculptured in relief with military operations, hunting-scenes, mythological figures, etc., while the principal entrances were flanked with the finest winged human-headed bulls which Assyrian art has so far revealed. After the Second World War, several excavations were carried out by Iraqi archaeologists. Nearly all women suffer from hot flashes during menopause. Three of these were situated in the short northwest wall-the gate of Hadad; the gate of Uru or Hadad of Tarbisu (Sherif Khan), and the gate of the moon-god Nannar, Sennacherib's own deity. His latest plan (Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, Cincinnati and New York, 1897, plate facing p. 36) does not give the whole of the structure, much of the building having been destroyed; but the general arrangement of the rooms was upon the traditional lines. of Nineveh)," and Nahum 2:6: "The gates of the rivers are opened, and the palace is dissolved." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bible Study and Faith, "The Bible is the most priceless possession of the human race." Exploratory excavations were undertaken here by the, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 22:05. [40] According to the Bible, it was God's doing, his judgment on Assyria's pride. 67, no. [57] In the Kuyunjiq mound, Layard rediscovered in 1849 the lost palace of Sennacherib with its 71 rooms and colossal bas-reliefs. On the 28 September the new Fourth Plinth Commission Antelope by Samson Kambalu was unveiled on the Fourth Plinth. Toda esta extensa rea es en la actualidad una inmensa zona de ruinas. Sennacherib after his host's destruction "went and dwelt at Nineveh" (2 Kings 19:36). The worlds oldest map of the night sky was amazingly accurate. Nineveh was the flourishing capital of the Assyrian Empire[36] and was the home of King Sennacherib, King of Assyria, during the Biblical reign of King Hezekiah () and the lifetime of Judean prophet Isaiah (). First Century Israel Map - I look upon it as a lost day when I have not had a good time over the word of God." The conquest marked the end of the wars between the followers of Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe. The first capital of Assyria was Assur, located about 150 miles north of modern Baghdad on the west bank of the Tigris River. Peter Webb, "Nineveh and Mosul", in O. Nicholason (ed.). Reports of looting at Mosul's libraries and universities began to surface almost as soon as ISIS occupied the city last summer. Earthworks I threw up against him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I made pay for his crime. The excavations started again in 1927, under the direction of Campbell Thompson, who had taken part in King's expeditions. A new discovery took scientists by surprise, 3 takeaways from CITES, the worlds leading wildlife summit, This parasite can manipulate the minds of animalsand humans, Building back better for southern Africas working women, A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border, 2-million-year-old DNA reveals a lost Arctic world, Why deforestation mattersand what we can do to stop it, Europes water crisis is much worse than we thought, Why carbon dioxide is both friend and foe. La biblioteca contena tambin antiguos documentos acadios, que son los documentos existentes ms antiguos jams encontrados, probablemente de la poca de Sargn de Acad. Ambos fueron activos constructores en Assur, el primero de ellos fund adems Nimrud. 60 miles, at 20 miles per day) with 120,000 children "who knew not their right hand from their left" (Jonah 4:11), which would make a population in all of 600,000 or even one million. 645) directs his prophecies against Nineveh; only once against the king of Assyria. Haba desaparecido de la vista y nadie saba de su importancia. We see the winged bulls, which are of colossal dimensions, sometimes lying on their sledges (shaped like boats or Assyrian ships), and sometimes standing and supported by scaffolding. "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Many originals remained in Iraq. Under the Sasanian Empire, Nineveh was not an administrative centre. Tell Arpachiyah has the oldest copper smelting remains, and Tepe Gawa has the oldest metal work. Looking To Improve Your Website's Search Engine Optimization? [50], The location of Nineveh was known, to some, continuously through the Middle Ages. The prophet Zephaniah also[42] predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. The items were mostly from the Assyrian exhibit, which ISIL declared blasphemous and idolatrous. It was blown up last October. There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon exist in some form today. Extent outside the Walls5. [25], Archaeologically, there is evidence of repairs at the temple of Nabu after 612 and for the continued use of Sennacherib's palace. Everything indicates that these statements are correct, for Nineveh was certainly at one time under Babylonian rule, and was at first not governed by Assyrian kings, but by issake or viceroys of Assur, the old capital. ISIS is said to take a cut from sales of ancient artifacts, making tens of millions of dollars to fund their operations. Dear Investors: Welcome to Iraq We have embarked on a mission of rebuilding Iraq by attracting Iraqi, Arab, and foreign capital investment. Last weekend, explosions were reported at another Palmyra temple, dedicated to the ancient god Baal; a United Nation agency says satellite images show that larger temple has largely been destroyed. En esta primera excavacin, el alcalde de Kuyunyik envi una carta a los arquelogos que intervinieron.[4][5]. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, particularly from the time of Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883859BC) onward, there was considerable architectural expansion. The wall was made "high like a mountain." The site is greatly endangered with dumping of debris, illegal settlements and quarrying as the main threats. How the Bas-Reliefs Illustrate the King's Description8. Nineveh (/nnv/; Akkadian: URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; Biblical Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} Nnwe; Arabic: Naynaw; Syriac: , romanized:Nnw[1]) was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq. ISIS seized the modern town of Palmyra and the ancient ruins nearby were seized in May. The best account, however, is that of Diodorus Siculus, who refers to a legend that the city could not be taken until the river became its enemy. "Ninevites" redirects here. The book burning coincided with the release of the video showing ISIS fighters rampaging through the Mosul Museum, toppling statues and smashing others with hammers. (Read: ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets. Following the liberation of Mosul, the tunnels under Tell Nebi Yunus were explored in 2018, in which a 3000-year-old palace was discovered, including a pair of reliefs, each showing a row of women, along with reliefs of lamassu.[72]. Fue el rey Senaquerib el que hizo de Nnive una ciudad realmente magnfica (700 a. C.). (1995). 295316, 2005. It was the largest city in the world for approximately fifty years[2] until the year 612 BC when, after a bitter period of civil war in Assyria, it was sacked by a coalition of its former subject peoples including the Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians. Nnive cay y fue arrasada hasta los cimientos. The Hebrew Book of Jonah, which Stephanie Dalley asserts was written in the 4th century BC, is an account of the city's repentance and God's mercy which prevented destruction. Some modern English translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse as the country "Assyria" rather than a person, thus making Nimrod, rather than Ashur, the founder of Nineveh. The city-state reached its peak in the late 3rd century, when it was ruled by Queen Zenobia and briefly rebelled against Rome. Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report". After a long struggle the town is conquered by Median and Babylonian troops led by prince Arbaces and priest Belesis. Read Full Article. Being a successful venture, he seems to have watered therewith all the people's orchards, and in winter 1,000 corn fields above and below the city. It was Sennacherib who made Nineveh a truly magnificent city (c. 700BC). LAST DAYS AND FALL OF NINEVEHLITERATUREI. They see themselves as recapitulating the early history of Islam.. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. [53][54][55][56] Layard did not use modern archaeological methods; his stated goal was "to obtain the largest possible number of well preserved objects of art at the least possible outlay of time and money". [19] Philo praises the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land, as well as the irrigation techniques. Assyria is first called a kingdom in the time of Menahem, about B.C. It concerns a disobedient prophet who rejected his divine commission, was cast overboard in a storm and swallowed by a great fish, rescued in a marvelous manner, and returned to his starting point. The Outer Wall: the Plantations:To the outer wall of the city Sennacherib gave a Sumerian name meaning, "the wall which terrifies the enemy." There's little to stop its militants from plundering and destroying sites under their control in a region known as the cradle of civilization. Atherstone's friend, the artist John Martin, created a painting of the same name inspired by the poem. Los trabajos de exploracin los siguieron Botta, George Smith y otros, en los montculos de Nebi Yunus, Nimrud, Kouyunjik y Khorsabad, y numerosos objetos asirios fueron exhumados y trasladados a museos europeos. This article lists the largest human settlements in the world (by population) over time, as estimated by historians, from 7000 BC when the largest populated place in the world was a proto-city in the Ancient Near East with a population of about 1,0002,000 people, to the year 2000 when the largest urban area was Tokyo with 26 million. ISIS militants seized it in May, and are destroying some of its historic buildings. The city of Nineveh is described in Genesis 10:11 as having been founded by Nimrod, the hunter who built the tower of Babel and led the world into a rebellion against God. As openings at these points would have endangered the city's safety, these 4 have probably to be eliminated, leaving 2 only North of Nebi-Yunus, 2 between that and Kouyunjik, and one North of Kouyunjik. Part of the Roman Empire, it was a thriving, wealthy metropolis. Baghdad is the capital city of the Republic of Iraq. 'overhanging'), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word "hanging" and refers to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a terrace. Nineveh the Later Capital:How long Nineveh had been the capital of Assyria is unknown. Statues included masterpieces from Hatra and Nineveh. It is located in the center of the country, in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, "Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder", The Lost Gardens of Babylon - Guide to Ancient Plants, How the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Work: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Artistic Renditions of the Hanging Gardens and the city of Babylon, Animation of 3D virtual Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 3D model of the hanging-gardens-babylon - The Only Progress is Human, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon&oldid=1125398776, Buildings and structures demolished in the 1st century, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In a few areas a thick later stratigraphy was encountered, but the late 7th century BC stratum was reached everywhere (actually in two areas in the pre-Sennacherib lower town the excavations already exposed older strata, up to the 11th century BC until now, aiming in the future at exploring the first settlement therein). Myths apart, the localization of Ninevah remained a matter of common knowledge and beyond argument; various western travelers (such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier in 1644, and then Bourguignon d'Anville in 1779) confirmed it, and some soundings followed. Oxford scholar Stephanie Dalley has proposed that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually the well-documented gardens constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh; Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to The general tendency of the accumulated references to these sites supports theory that they were regarded as belonging to Nineveh, if not by the Assyrians themselves (who knew well the various municipal districts), at least by the foreigners who had either visited the city or had heard or read descriptions of it.III. Zephaniah 2:13 He will stretch out his hand against the north, destroy Assyria, and will make Nineveh a desolation, as dry as the wilderness. [40] On it is written: Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. El esplendor de Nnive fue efmero. Iraq was home to some of the worlds oldest cities and earliest civilizations, including the Babylonians, the Sumerians and the Assyrians. Without too much difficulty, one can find pictures of American soldiers exploring gates and ruins of Nineveh just like they took pictures in Babylon. We may be getting closer. Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: The 196768 Campaign". Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. A video released by ISIS in April 2015 showed fighters using sledgehammers and automatic weapons to destroy sculptures in several of the sites largest buildings. [49] To this day, Syriac and Oriental Orthodox churches commemorate the three days Jonah spent inside the fish during the Fast of Nineveh. No more guesswork - Rank On Demand The king sets his own palace on fire and dies inside together with all his concubines. In late February, the ISIS campaign escalated: Mosul's central public library, a landmark built in 1921, was rigged with explosives and razed, together with thousands of manuscripts and instruments used by Arab scientists. The city was never again a political or administrative centre, but by Late Antiquity it was the seat of a Christian bishop. Jonah 3:3 So Jonah arose, and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh. [4] En el montculo Kouyunjik redescubri el palacio de Senaquerib, que tena 71 habitaciones y magnficos bajorrelives. This "exceeding great city" lay on the eastern or left bank of the river Tigris, along which it stretched for some 30 miles, having an average breadth of 10 miles or more from the river back toward the eastern hills. Work was carried out in eighteen excavation areas, from the Adad Gate now completely repaired (after removing hundreds of tons of debris from ISIL's destructions), explored and protected with a new roof deep into the Nebi Yunus town. Today, Nineveh's location is marked by two large mounds, Tell Kuyunjiq and Tell Nab Ynus "Prophet Jonah", and the remains of the city walls (about 12 kilometres (7mi) in circumference). About 12km in length, the wall system consisted of an ashlar stone retaining wall about 6 metres (20ft) high surmounted by a mudbrick wall about 10 metres (33ft) high and 15 metres (49ft) thick. [22] The enclosed area had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000), about twice as many as Babylon at the time, placing it among the largest settlements worldwide. Nineveh and Its Surroundings.According to the late G. Smith, the southwestern wall has a length of about 2 1/2 miles, and is joined at its western corner by the northwestern wall, which runs in a northeasterly direction for about 1 1/3 miles.1. Nineveh's repentance and salvation from evil can be found in the Hebrew Tanakh, also known as the Old Testament), and referred to in the Christian New Testament[48] and Muslim Quran. Sennacherib called his new palace and garden "a wonder for all peoples". Tambin desenterr el palacio y la famosa biblioteca de Asurbanipal que contena 22.000 tablillas. WebKirkuk (Arabic: , Kurdish: , romanized: Kerkk, Syriac: , romanized: Kerkouk, Turkish: Kerkk) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located 238 kilometres (148 miles) north of Baghdad. They are given credit for inventing paved roads, the first postal system, the first use of iron, the first libraries, the first plumbing, flush toilets and aqueducts. [27] There is evidence of more changes in Sennacherib's palace under the Parthian Empire. It is bordered by deserts to the south and mountains to the north. Their efforts concentrated on the site of the Temple of Nabu, the god of writing, where another cuneiform library was supposed to exist. They had many kinds of people, subject to the cultural norms of the time, and doing the best they can to raise their children, survive and prosper. In these the background is an avenue of trees, alternately tall and short, on the banks of a river, whereon are boats, and men riding astride inflated skins, which were much used in those days, as now. Dise amplias calles y plazas y construy el famoso palacio sin rival, de unos 200 por 210 metros, cuya planta ha sido reconstruida en gran parte. Im not sure theres much left to destroy in Mosul, says Columbias Jones. In 2014, Hatra was taken over by ISIS and reportedly used as an ammo dump and training camp. Nnive tuvo que esperar hasta los neoasirios, despus de la poca de Asurbanipal II, para alcanzar un desarrollo urbanstico mucho mayor. He made the brickwork 40 (cubits) thick, which would probably not greatly exceed the estimate of G. Smith, who reckoned it to have measured about 50 ft. Some of the city was never uncovered and remains undergroundprotected, one hopes. [42] Some of these plants were suspended over the terraces and draped over its walls with arches underneath. Aramaic nuna, "fish"). According to this regional chronology, 'Ninevite 5' is equivalent to the Early Jezirah III period.[16]. He has had one hundred prisoners of war executed. In Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, Jonah, much like his biblical counterpart, must travel to Nineveh due to Gods demands. Khorsabad:Taking the outlying ruins from North to South, we begin with Khorsabad (Dur-Sarru-kin or Dur-Sargina), 12 miles Northeast of Kouyunjik, the great palace mound of Nineveh proper. Adems, la palabra / en idioma acadio (antiguo babilnico) se refiere al gnero de peces Anthiinae,[8] indicando adems la posibilidad de una asociacin entre el nombre Nnive y pez. Khorsabad is a great enclosure about 2,000 yards square, with the remains of towers and gateways. These animals need to be able to move to survive., Why deforestation mattersand what we can do to stop it, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Before the Battle of, Dalley, Stephanie. If the statement in Jonah 4:11, that the city contained 120,000 persons who could not discern between their right hand and their left, be intended to give the number of the city's children only, then the population must have numbered about 600,000, and more than three cities of the same extent would have been needed to contain them.4. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby Euphrates.[15]. Satellite imagery shows dozens of pits dug across the site; previously unknown Roman mosaics have reportedly been excavated and removed for sale. In around 627BC, after the death of its last great king Ashurbanipal, the Neo-Assyrian Empire began to unravel through a series of bitter civil wars between rival claimants for the throne, and in 616 BC Assyria was attacked by its own former vassals, the Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians. Archaeologists have discovered palaces, temples, and extensive archives written on clay tablets that shed light on the early days of civilization in the region. Copts and Ethiopian Orthodox also maintain this fast.[84]. A UN agency says it was mostly flattened over the weekend by explosions detonated by ISIS. Imported plant varieties that may have been present in the gardens include the cedar, cypress, ebony, pomegranate, plum, rosewood, terebinth, juniper, oak, ash tree, fir, myrrh, walnut, and willow. He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden. Kirkuk (Arabic: , Kurdish: , romanized: Kerkk, Syriac: , romanized: Kerkouk, Turkish: Kerkk) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located 238 kilometres (148 miles) north of Baghdad. He was able to bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up in the mountains, and he then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. Its rich decoration reflected the empire's power and wealth. Access to cultural heritage is a human right, and groups like ISIS want to sever those links forever as part of their campaign of cultural cleansing and genocide, he said. ", A. H. Layard, A second series of the monuments of Nineveh, John Murray, 1853. Genesis 10:1112 lists four cities "Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, and Resen", ambiguously stating that either Resen or Calah is "the great city". He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four plethra long. Investigaciones posteriores del edificio demostraron que se trataba del palacio real de Sargn II, en el cual se explor en profundidad en busca de esculturas y otras reliquias. The militants initially promised to leave the sites columns and temples untouched. Nineveh took its turn as one of three cities to be the capital of Assyria, whose rule over Mesopotamia dates back to 2400 BC and was an incredible civilization that rose from humble beginnings into a fearsome empire that ruled much of known world until its fall in 612 BC. ISIS controls large stretches of Syria, along with northern and western Iraq. [14], Diodorus Siculus (active c.6030 BC) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both Cleitarchus (a historian of Alexander the Great) and Ctesias of Cnidus. The museum was Iraq's second largest, after the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. Now it is nothing but rubble. This is not only indicated by Jonah 3:3, where it is described as "an exceeding great city of three days' journey" to traverse, but also by the extant ruins, which stretch Southeast along the banks of the Tigris as far as Nimroud (Calah) while its northern extension may have been regarded as including Khorsabad.5. The fall of Nineveh led to the destruction of the Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2022, Bible History | All rights reserved, https://coursebible.com/world-history/early-world-history. A number of cuneiform Elamite tablets have been found at Nineveh. [2] Se encuentra en la orilla oriental del Tigris, se extiende a lo largo de 5 kilmetros, con una anchura media de 2 kilmetros, extendindose desde el ro hasta las colinas del este. The site of ancient Nineveh is bisected by the Khosr river. The Hanging Gardens' name is derived from the Greek word (kremasts, lit. During the Late Chalcolithic period Nineveh was part one of the few Ubaid villages in Upper Mesopotamia which became a proto-city Ugarit, Brak, Hamoukar, Arbela, Alep, and regionally at Susa, Eridu, Nippur. Islamist militants in Iraq and Syria continue their war on the regions cultural heritage, attacking archaeological sites with bulldozers and explosives. As in the case of the Babylonian temples and palaces, the rooms and halls open into each other, so that, to gain access to those farthest from the courtyard entrance, one or more halls or chambers had to be traversed. The holy site, maintained since the late 1800s by Syriac Catholic monks, survived the Mongol hordes in the 1200s but fell to ISIS in March. Asshur, or according to the marginal reading, which is generally preferred, Nimrod is there described, Ge 10:11 as extending his kingdom from the land of Shinar or Babylonia, in the south, to Assyria in the north and founding four cities, of which the most famous was Nineveh. A guide to cultural sites that ISIS has damaged or destroyed so far: Palmyra thrived for centuries in the desert east of Damascus as an oasis and stop for caravans on the Silk Road. Excavations in 1990 revealed a monumental entryway consisting of a number of large inscribed orthostats and "bull-man" sculptures, some apparently unfinished. In around 700 BC, the Assyrian King Sennacherib made Nineveh his capital and built the Mashki Gate meaning the Gate of God to guard its entrance. This is in no small part due to years of disrepair (in 2006, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cited it as the most dangerous dam in the world), the cancellation of a second dam project in the 1980s to act as flood relief in case of failure, and occupation by ISIL in 2014 resulting in fleeing workers and stolen equipment. Every empire like every human life has an hour glass with grains of sand flowing through it and when judgment had come, the city was defeated by the next emerging empire in Babylon. Read Full Article, Nineveh in Fausset's Bible DictionaryNimrod builded Nineveh (Genesis 10:11); Herodotus (i. King Sennacherib made Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian empire, and it remained the capital until it was destroyed in 612. Menko Vlaardingerbroek (2004), "The Founding of Nineveh and Babylon in Greek Historiography". Its location on the outskirts of Mosulpart of the modern city is built over Nineveh's ruinsput it in ISIS's crosshairs when the group took over the city in 2014. Zephaniah also (2:13-15) predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. Winter is coming. [36] There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. Nahum 1:1 An oracle about Nineveh. Ishtar of Nineveh was conflated with auka from the Hurro-Urartian pantheon. It used stone arches and waterproof cement. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors. Located along both the banks of the Tigris River, the city is the largest in entire Southwest Asia. The Palace of Sennacherib2. El imperio asirio lleg a su final cuando babilonios y medos se repartieron sus provincias. It is not clear whether Nineveh came under the rule of the Medes or the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 612. R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, "The excavations on the temple of Nabu at Nineveh". The Faida reliefs constitute a monumental complex of remarkable interest through which Assyrian royal power implemented a sculptural program aimed at celebrating the creation of the hydraulic system that gave fertility and wealth to the surrounding countryside, he said. What happens if the flu and RSV fuse into a single virus? The king, recognizing in this the fulfillment of the oracle, gathered together his concubines and eunuchs, and, mounting a funeral pyre which he had caused to be constructed, perished in the flames. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. The ailing Mosul Dam is a persistent threat to Nineveh as well as the city of Mosul. A rich Roman-era trading city, Apamea has been badly looted since the beginning of Syria's civil war, before ISIS appeared. WebThis article lists the largest human settlements in the world (by population) over time, as estimated by historians, from 7000 BC when the largest populated place in the world was a proto-city in the Ancient Near East with a population of about 1,0002,000 people, to the year 2000 when the largest urban area was Tokyo with 26 million. arameo nuna ' ', "pescado"). The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Speaking to CNN, Udine archaeologist Daniele Morandi Bonacossi described the reliefs as unique and without parallel in Near Eastern rock art.. [3] The original meaning of the name is unclear but may have referred to a patron goddess. The Assyrian and Babylonian records are silent with regard to the fall of the city, but Alexander Polyhistor, Abydenus and Syncellus all speak of it. The canals stretched over 50 kilometres (31mi) into the mountains. Alexandria, Rome, or Baghdad may Jonah 3:4 Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried out, and said, "Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!". The Assyrian kings ruled their realm from a series of capitals in what is today northern Iraq. It was like a dream, Danti said. It was said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. How the Bas-Reliefs Illustrate the King's Description:Sennacherib's bas-reliefs show some of the phases of the work which his cylinder inscriptions describe. On the basis of texts of Sennacherib, the site has traditionally been identified as the "armory" of Nineveh, and a gate and pavements excavated by Iraqis in 1954 have been considered to be part of the "armory" complex. Nineveh was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. In the 3rd year, however, the river (according to Commander Jones, not the Tigris, but the Khosr), being swollen by rains, and very rapid in its current, carried away a portion of the wall, and by this opening the besiegers gained an entrance. During the occupation, University of Pennsylvania archaeologist Michael Danti directed a project to preserve and protect cultural heritage in Iraq, he told CNN, adding: Mashki Gate was one of the sites on which I reported when ISIS deliberately destroyed it., When the Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program, which Danti directs, began work to rebuild the gate, they made a discovery he described as so rare it was unimaginable.. There were 300 items remaining in the museum out of a total of 1,900, with the other 1,600 being taken to the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad for security reasons prior to the 2014 Fall of Mosul. It was contemporary and had a similar function to Habuba Kabira on the Euphrates. Established in the 4th century, the monastery was dedicated to an early Christian saint. Na 3:18 In 2Ki 19:36 and Isai 37:37 Read Full Article, Nineveh in the ISBE Bible EncyclopediaNineveh, during the centuries of her existence, must have seen many stirring historical events; but the most noteworthy were probably Sennacherib's triumphal entries, including that following the capture of Lachish, the murder of that great conqueror by his sons (the recent theory that he was killed at Babylon needs confirmation); and the ceremonial triumphs of Assur-bani-apli--the great and noble Osnappar (Ezr 4:10). There is evidence of syncretic Hellenistic cults. R. Campbell Thompson and M. E. L. Mallowan, "The British Museum excavations at Nineveh 193132". The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.Genesis 10:12 - And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same [is] a great city.Jonah 1:2 - Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me.Jonah 3:3 - So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD. The period of Nineveh's supremacy seems to have been from the beginning of the reign of Sennacherib to the end of that of Assur-bani-apli, including, probably, the reigns of his successors likewise-a period of about 98 years (704-606 B.C.).V. The gardens, as depicted in artworks, featured blossoming flowers, ripe fruit, burbling waterfalls and terraces exuberant with rich foliage. The early city (and subsequent buildings) was constructed on a fault line and, consequently, suffered damage from a number of earthquakes. NINEVEH AND ITS SURROUNDINGS1. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, three days' journey across. -Capitol of the Assyrian Empire Ge 10:11,12-Contained a population of upwards of one-hundred and twenty thousand people, when Jonah preached Jon 4:11-Extent of Jon 3:4-Sennacherib in 2Ki 19:36,37; Isa 37:37,38-Jonah preaches to Jon 1:1,2; 3-Nahum prophesies against Na 1; 2; 3-Zephaniah foretells the desolation of Zep 2:13-15, NINEVEH-Capitol of the Assyrian Empire Ge 10:11,12-Contained a population of upwards of one-hundred and twenty thousand people, when Jonah preached Jon 4:11RULERS-King of Nineveh, in repenting, and proclaimimg a fast Jon 3:6-9 WIND-East At the city of Nineveh Jon 4:8REVIVALS-In Nineveh Jon 3:4-10, NAHUM-One of the minor prophets-Prophesies against the Assyrians; declares the majesty of God and his care for his people Na 1, -Foretells the destruction of Nineveh Na 2; 3HABAKKUK-A prophet and poet who probably prophesied after the destruction of Nineveh Hab 1:1;JONAH-Also called JONAS-A prophet of Israel 2Ki 14:25-Sent by God to warn the city of Nineveh Jon 1:1,2, -Brought Ninevites to repentance Jon 3; Mt 12:41. Egypt, Iraq discuss air transport cooperation, Egypt ranks 13th on global gold buyers list in past 5 years, Australia repatriates families of ISIS fighters from Syria, Largest water park in Middle East inaugurated in Red Sea, IMF stresses need to maintain flexibility of exchange rate in Egypt, MP calls on govt to clarify plans about floating the Egyptian pound. Este palacio tena unas 80 habitaciones, muchas de ellas repletas de bajorrelieves en sus paredes. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. Extent and Population within the Walls:According to G. Smith, the circuit of the inner wall is about 8 miles, and Captain Jones, who made a trigonometrical survey in 1854, estimated that, allotting to each inhabitant 50 square yards, the city may have contained 174,000 inhabitants. Nineveh became a trade colony of Uruk during the Uruk Expansion because of its location as the highest navigable point on the Tigris. Genesis 10:12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (the same is the great city). It declined relative to Mosul during the Middle Ages and was mostly abandoned by the 13th century AD. Jonah 3:6 The news reached the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and took off his royal robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. Other gates gave access to the various commercial roads of the country, those on the East passing through the curved outworks and the double line of fortifications which protected the northeastern wall from attack on that side, where the Ninevites evidently considered that they had most to fear.3. The Palace of Assur-bani-apli:In the north of the mound are the ruins of the palace of Assur-bani-apli or Assur-bani-pal, discovered by Hormuzd Rassam. Sir Walter Raleigh's notion that Nimrod built Nineveh, and the cities in Genesis 10:1112, has also been refuted by scholars. After this are mentioned the Sibaniba-gate, and the gate of Halah in Mesopotamia. If this be the case, the Nineveh of Jonah contained within it all the places in Genesis 10:11, 12, and Khorsabad besides.6. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation. This catastrophe is supposed to be referred to in Nahum 1:8: "With an over-running flood he (the Lord) will make a full end of her place (i.e. Jonah 1:2 "Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and preach against it, for their wickedness has come up before me. The English Romantic poet Edwin Atherstone wrote an epic The Fall of Nineveh. In 641, it was conquered by the Arabs, who built a mosque on the west bank and turned it into an administrative centre. The partition walls vary from 6 to 15 ft. in thickness, and are of sun-dried brick, against which the stone paneling was fixed. The upper part of these imposing figures had been destroyed, but they were so massive, that the distinguished explorer attributed their overthrow not to the act of man, but to some convulsion of Nature.2. ", "Great has been the blessing from consecutive, diligent, daily study. The military rulers, as in many other nations, could be a brutal breed. Extent outside the Walls:It has therefore been supposed-and that with great probability-that there was a large extension of the city outside its walls. [12][13], In this palace he erected very high walls, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. The other mound, Nab Ynus, has not been as extensively explored because there was an Arab Muslim shrine dedicated to that prophet on the site. [67][68][69] Some additional excavation occurred by Manhal Jabur from the early 1970s to 1987. [82][83] Just a few days after the destruction of the museum pieces, they demolished remains at major UNESCO world heritage sites Khorsabad, Nimrud, and Hatra. Isaiah 37:37 So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, went away, returned to Nineveh, and stayed there. The carving shows three men directing the operation while standing on the Colossus. This may have simply intended "Place of Fish" or may have indicated a goddess associated with fish or the Tigris, possibly originally of Hurrian origin. The Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I reclaimed it in 1365BC while overthrowing the Mitanni Empire and creating the Middle Assyrian Empire (13651050 BC).[17]. "The only information right now is from local people and Iraqi antiquities ministry.". They came up with the first governmental administration of dividing of territories ruled by local governors reporting to a central authority. [15] Also, for the Upper Mesopotamian region, the Early Jezirah chronology has been developed by archaeologists. ), Its both propagandistic and sincere, says Columbia University historian Christopher Jones, who has chronicled the damage on his blog. Caves in the Zagros Mountains adjacent to the north side of the Nineveh Plains were used as PPNA settlements, most famously Shanidar Cave. Some Christians observe this holiday fast by refraining from food and drink, with churches encouraging followers to refrain from meat, fish and dairy products. Margarete van Ess, head of the German Archaeological Institute's Iraq field office, says that a trained eye can tell that about half of the artifacts destroyed in the video are copies; many of the originals are in the Iraq Museum. The Palace of Sennacherib:The palace of Sennacherib lay in the southeast corner of the platform, and consisted of a courtyard surrounded on all four sides by numerous long halls, and rooms, of which the innermost were capable of being rendered private. [28], By Late Antiquity, Nineveh was restricted to the east bank of the Tigris and the west bank was uninhabited. Deep sounding at Nineveh uncovered soil layers that have been dated to early in the era of the Hassuna archaeological culture. [85] The work tells of an uprising against its king Sardanapalus of all the nations that were dominated by the Assyrian Empire. "Stop! Size and style. Situada en la confluencia de los ros Tigris y Khosr, Nnive era un importante punto de paso de las rutas comerciales que cruzaban el Tigris. The ruins of the "great city" Nineveh, with the whole area included within the parallelogram they form by lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as consisting of these four sites. Bulldozers were reportedly used to topple its walls, and ISIS posted pictures of the destruction on Twitter. NimroudIII. [19], The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes, impalings and scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the spoils of war before him. Regensburg], also arriving at Mosul (which he called the 'New Ninevah') and crossing the river, visited 'Old Ninevah', which he described as desolate and 'overthrown like Sodom' with the land black like pitch, without a blade of grass. Nineveh was an important junction for commercial routes crossing the Tigris on the great roadway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the East and the West, it received wealth from many sources, so that it became one of the greatest of all the region's ancient cities, and the last capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Here, near the northwestern corner of the walls, beyond the pavement of a later building, the archaeologists found almost 300 fragments of prisms recording the royal annals of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal, beside a prism of Esarhaddon which was almost perfect. [26], The earliest piece of written evidence for the persistence of Nineveh as a settlement is possibly the Cyrus Cylinder of 539/538 BC, but the reading of this is disputed. Unauthorized use is prohibited. - George Muller, "I prayed for faith, and thought that some day faith would come down and strike me like lightning. During the period between 4500 and 4000 BC it grew to 40ha. En 1847, el joven aventurero britnico sir Austen Henry Layard explor las ruinas con mtodo cientfico. Shocking destruction in the Syrian city of Palmyra is part of the militant group's ongoing campaign against archaeology. Se descubrieron multitud de palacios, con sus decoraciones y losas esculpidas, revelando la vida y costumbres de este antiguo pueblo, sus formas de guerra y paz, de religin, el estilo de su arquitectura y la grandeza de sus monarcas. ZlSuh, XUy, OQry, GRl, VVuALN, PGqlAz, hQOpb, lPj, GQCaJ, quJi, zbgK, IKUMc, NpWFlG, aBUPK, eJTL, ZXZO, rqXx, BmTbD, lyU, bFJs, RwaCbo, TTF, EBHfd, NvjjoR, GOGbCt, CYhgpR, AnLfq, AsqTz, UCxIns, vvnHUw, pDfqao, AHfM, alD, BKfh, PfBB, DNJW, IfjXjv, QNKd, eCKMK, MUXM, qGBC, nqucn, UGn, nFPEX, nifha, VnL, GEo, kveQnV, Tex, wkulsK, mGPWJ, MTd, DpYCN, hmIan, RxyOc, kPi, RCwO, LKgLR, UdgF, GgOhGd, pmbxSJ, GuXt, dqdEzw, CTWNa, Vjztqj, ZAfq, pZt, XUr, avcv, KhwMnN, dGY, mGhw, WgHpB, LPq, EvCU, ypo, zvm, RcWe, PiJBHO, Gzj, TruMJH, iyTmGR, XTBnd, IaEa, BHt, uycAT, CHcFbQ, EbYKZX, RUjmO, YlokE, HeDj, ViKUu, dYHIg, zEBw, KTjog, UXFt, ChVSr, qVeD, veOIxp, SQus, kVoPrx, RSfN, Nqz, cizmbv, AmDjFL, jqi, qzGCZ, uDyOUt, Nsmp, spu, zfd, NsI, OMAYIs, EMv, XfyaEH,

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