22 Mar 2013: n. page. 26 Apr 2013: n. page. Nield, Barry. The article states that despite its central role in the savage civil war, the grandly named Syrian Observatory for Human Rights is virtually a one-man band.[22] Indeed, Abdul Rahman single-handedly collects information from four contacts in Syria who, in turn, collect information from a network of over 200 others in the country. 14 May. The way in which the LCC gathers information is also unclear. Radsch, Courtney C. The Revolutions will be Blogged: Cyberactivism and the 4th Estate in Egypt. Doctoral Dissertation, American University, 2013. Your Bibliography: Wilmarth, S., 2007. Now that the spread of digital video, photo enable mobile phones, combined with blogs and viral distribution of the internet, this technology is making publishers take a second look at the way news is being reported. Though Disparate, Syria Rebels Tenacious Against Crackdown.NYT. This will be achieved by discussing theories regarding mass media and journalism as separate entities. Citizen journalism also offers a unique tool for editors of news - they can now find witnesses, videos and . The blog discusses current events that are going . Phone cameras and internet video must threaten broadcasters who think TV viewers will move away from them (and on to the web), but the collective arena is a hive of creativity. 2. Citizens have the advantage that they exist everywhere. In-text: (Kyger, Kyger and profile, 2012). The following description was added: This image which cannot be independently verified is believed to show the bodies of children in the Houla massacre.[27] It became apparent later that day that the image was actually taken in 2003 in Baghdad, Iraq. The citizen journalist is not concerned with professionalism and journalistic ethics which gives journalism distinctive mission and modus operandi. With information passing through a second, separate channel before the story reaches the audience, it becomes practically impossible to identify the sources on the ground. It began as a reaction to mistrust in mainstream media.The aim of citizen participation was to provide accurate, reliable and relevant information in line with the ethos of a democratic society. Take the example of London bombings on July 7th, 2005. 2013. Around 30% of the activists were referred to as antigovernment, opposition or anti-Assad, indicating that they are in favor of one side of the conflict. In return, citizens became a news source to be used by mainstream media. News reporters who were once responsible for writing an article for the morning paper are now trying to keep up with bloggers, citizen journalists, tweeters and anyone else with a handheld device that can post information. This article explores the role of trust in professional and alternative media as (a) antecedents of citizen news production, and (b) moderators of the effect of citizen news production on political. New media news outlets are gaining more credibility and acceptance form society due to their ability to be on location and get their information reported immediately., Any given society relies on newspapers as one of its major source of information and basically sets the tone for the rest of the media on how it should conduct its coverage (Jennifer, 2003). Sourcing and Information Gathering While the disclaimer does serve to protect the mainstream medias credibility, it sets a dangerous precedent as news stories are no longer reliant on facts, but on mere speculation. The final part will explain the impact citizen media had on traditional media over the years. 11 Dec 2022 09:46:49 13 Jun 2011: n. page. A Gay Girl in Damascus becomes a heroine of the Syrian revolt.Guardian. Citizens are often first on the scene to report breaking news, and with technology they now have the means to publicly share it instantly as it happens. Your Bibliography: Goode, L., 2009. The confusion between the two is misleading since, even though the two are admittedly anti-Assad, the SOHR reports on government deaths while the SNHR does not. In a word, the rise of citizen journalists is a challenge as well as an opportunity for mainstream media. These voices have become a vital source of information for the mainstream media. A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future. Nic Newman September 2009. The percentage of technological literacy in citizens is on the rise and due to massive globalization and free trade agreements we basically live in world where anything broadcast has the chance to gain huge publicity creating an echo of influence on the mass population., The audience of the 21st century has gone through drastic changes compared to those of the 1970s.The audiences of the 1970s had very limited access for news on media outlets which limited to the major channels on television, radio and newspapers. A brief overview of the terms used in this essay will be used first to create a common understanding. New trends in information gathering and verification emerged from the relationship between this nontraditional form of journalism and the news media. Therefore, in the past, people who have different ideas or thoughts would be cut out. The story is based on information from Radwan Ziadeh, the director of the Damascus Center for Human Rights Studies at George Washington University in Washington, DC. Further, the SOHR serves as a confirmation to information from other unidentifiable sources in some articles. The Syrian governments restriction on international media presence turned the country into what The New York Times referred to as something of a black box.[3] With the lack of access, the media scrambled to get any kind of information on the conflict only to lead to too much information and very little verification. 14 May. One specific example is an article published on April 8, 2011. Regular internet usage to get news has started to cause a shift away from print media. Vanderwagen (2012) studied the impact of Twitter, as a vehicle of citizen journalism, on journalists in South Africa. Straight News from the citizens of Syria.Columbia Journalism Review. Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube are only some of the free websites where users are connected with others and can share in an instant what is happening in their side of the world. Abstract. An interview with an Author. 14 May. Print. The Syrian civil war is also a propaganda battle between the Syrian government and the opposition, and it is, therefore, equally necessary to verify the intent behind anti-government activist reporting. Your Bibliography: Kyger, M., Kyger, M. and profile, V., 2012. The most predominant is the organizations attempt to protect its credibility by using a disclaimer pointing to their inability to independently verify published information especially when referencing events, assertions made by different individuals about the conflict, and the death toll. 2013. With the arrival of information age, the traditional information producing strata changes and new media rise gradually. In a sense, the media outsourced its reporting to citizen journalists and its verification to its audiences, leaving it to them to decide whether or not a story is accurate. Protesters In Syria Plan Large March Near Capital.NYT. Of the sampled 85 articles, the NYT referenced 175 sources, which were individuals and not all identifiable by name or organization. On April 28 2012, an article covering an attack orchestrated by a suicide bomber against Syrian security services cites a death toll given by the LCC. Keywords: citizen journalism, ICT, mainstream journalism, new media, user-generated content Introduction Citizen journalism is a concept in media that refers to journalistic activities of ordinary people. The paper aimed to examine citizen journalism and its impacts on professional journalism in progressives society: A study of 2019 governorship election in Cross River State. That said, although citizen journalism is not always accurate, that doesnt mean it should not be encouraged. Fears grow for missing Syrian Gay Girl blogger.CNN. The data for this research was collected from the NYT archive on the Lexis Nexis Academic database. He argued that the normative role of the journalist as gatekeeper had been challenged 7. Mainstream media, which sometimes are called elite media or agenda-setting media, can be defined as the media that are popular and available to the masses (Chomsky, 1997). Web. Web. Order your assignment! Reporters know the power of Twitter, Facebook and other forms of social media and, as they continue to rise in popularity in the distribution of media, are enabling the genesis of citizen journalists who function largely as funnels . With the popularity of mobile devices, people now have instant access to recording pictures and video, as well as having constant access to the internet. Citizen Journalism Faster on the Draw Than Mainstream Media in Uncovering FTX Scandal News Analysis On Sept. 3, 2022, veteran short-seller Marc Cohodes leveled several bold accusations at crypto exchange FTX and it. 14 May. Two days later, an anonymous email sent to ABC expressed suspicion over the origin of the video, explaining that the supposed Syrian security officers were not wearing Syrian army uniforms, that the accent of the men in the video was Lebanese, and, finally, that a car visible in the background had a Lebanese license plate number. In the backdrop of the great, The following essay will concentrate on the reciprocal relationship between the media and society, focusing on journalism in particular. The average citizen provided most of what we at home were viewing as we watched the terror unfold. After tracking some of the footage, it became apparent that the majority could be affiliated with anti-government groups or sites. 2013. On March 15 2011, an arrest of students for writing anti-government graffiti sparked a series of demonstrations across several towns in Syria, calling for reforms and the release of political prisoners. 14 Mar 2012: n. page. However, in the frenzy to get the scoop and run the story, news outlets such as the NYT did away with the verification process. Citizen journalists can be regarded as a representative of new media. WORKING PAPER e rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism: A study of how newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and US are responding to a wave of participatory social media, and a historic shi in control towards individual consumers. The technique of organization used by journalist to frame their stories is the similar as the one used by everyone daily to create a conversation be it controversial or interesting. As evidenced by these sampled NYT articles, the vast majority of sources are unidentifiable. On that day, terrorists attacked three subway trains and a crowded red double-decker bus, at least 37 people were killed and more than 700 wounded in these bombings (China Daily, 2005). Since the Internet is anonymous, open to all and it gives access to all voices on all sides, citizens can participate in the creation and spread of information freely without any limitation (Dearnley and Feather, 2001). Thus strengthens the connection between mainstream media and audience. Madison Kyger: Citizen Journalism: Benefits or Consequences?. In the past when a news story broke, the journalist would be the one to find background information and photos of those involved. Additionally, the SOHRs contacts in Syria are never identified and, according to the profile article, Abdul Rahman is careful to keep the list anonymous, presumably to protect his sources. He wrote numerous articles throughout early 2022 documenting a "pattern of deception" by Celsius founder Alex Mashinsky. The two will then be combined to discuss how mass media affects , and is affected by society. A quick look at the Ugarit Facebook page and YouTube channel shows that the organization is run by anti-government and militarized activists. Finally, the paper reviews other examples in which such sourcing has led to inaccurate coverage. Since smartphones were normalised around 2010, mainstream media corporations have seen a surge in public involvement. Traditionally, mainstream media rely on professional journalists to get news or information through their observation, inquiry, analysis or investigation (I, Reporter, 2007). Journalism and self-government were born together. One example that demonstrates a potential inaccuracy or bias in the way in which certain activists report on the conflict is the article that ran on March 22, 2013. On May 27 2012, the BBC posted an image that was presumably taken by an activist in Syria. The rivalry between the SOHR and the SNHR is not mentioned in NYT coverage, even in the profile article on Abdul Rahman. Using such disclaimers demonstrates the organizations attempt to run a top story while protecting their credibility. It means citizens themselves report the issues confronting them. Conclusion However, as time passed, she felt that her articles lacked convincingness because she appraised the war in the United States that is far away from Iraq. In addition, mainstream media received several videos,20 000 emails and text messages after the bombings happened (Hobson, 2005). Since the group is referred to as anti-Assad and antigovernment, however, there is reason to believe that Abdul Rahmans contacts on the ground are a part of the elusive activists that may potentially be involved in the ongoing conflict. Bowman and Willis (2003) state that, Participatory journalism is a bottom-up, emergent phenomenon in which there is little or no This paper discusses the political and social implications of the rise of "citizen journalism" (CJ) in China, a country where mainstream media are still under tight control while social conflicts are intensifying and nationalistic sentiments are exacerbating. Print. Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. The assumption behind the relationship between the mainstream media and citizen journalism is that there is a direct line of communication between both. UK Channel 4 news reported on the incident. 2013. [12] According to the Columbia Journalism Review, this is a common sentiment among some activists who feel that there is nothing wrong with mislabeling a video becausethe exaggeration is nothing compared to the bloodiness of the regime.[13] These cases demonstrate clearly that some footage released by citizen journalists in Syria comes with an agenda, one that is a part of ongoing propaganda war with the state media. Neglecting to add any details about Ugarits background and role in the war, therefore, is damaging as readers may be misled to believe what would otherwise be considered biased and propagandistic information. The intended outcome was to offer a clearer, well-rounded image of the events unfolding in Syria unfiltered and uncensored by the official state media. What is clear from the footage linked and cited in NYT articles is that very little is explained about the sources which, as evidenced in the case of Omar Telawi, could have a substantial impact on the authenticity and the objectivity of the information. 2013. There also appears to be an uncertainty over what and where SOHR is. Citizen journalism can be most recognized in the form of blogs or wiki sites. Mainstream Media Meets Citizen Journalism: In . What is even more troubling is that while some activists are identified as human rights activists, anti-government or opposition activists, 42% were simply referred to as just activists. Since the term refers to a broad range of people, it is difficult to determine from only the context of the articles whether these activists are a part of human rights groups, protestors, or as the conflict escalated into a civil war, participants in the fighting. The new Twitter CEO, facing the upheaval as fake accounts with Blue tick continue to flourish on the platform via the $8 Blue subscription service, said that . Citizen journalists provide alternate perspectives on current events, challenging the mainstream media. Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria.NYT. Citizen journalism(s) now assert their presence outside, through and within today's mainstream media.' Thus, citizen journalism is an aspect of civic media that can be defined by the . Through a careful assessment of The New York Timess (NYT) coverage of the Syrian civil war, this paper will demonstrate how the relationship between citizen journalism and the mainstream media became more obstructive to the understanding of conflict. Since citizen news mainly spreads through the Internet, and the characteristics of the Internet determine that this kind of spread is unrestricted. Pro-Assad Cleric Killed in Blast in Damascus.NYT. 14 May. However, since many great events usually take place suddenly, it seems difficult for professional journalists to predict and gather information. Web. This essay will explain the details of the impact of the rise of citizen journalists for mainstream media. A study conducted in 2015 by Pew Research Center showed that a large percentage of users of both Facebook and Twitter get their news primarily from the social media sites. Since its beginning, the Syrian conflict was covered on a nearly daily basis, yet the abundance of news-stories and the lack of verification had an adverse effect in terms of informing the international public; the multiple sources made it practically impossible to understand what is really happening. These are the sources and citations used to research The effects of citizen journalism on mainstream media. For a long time, mainstream media occupy social leading right and guide the major public opinions of the society, have very high authority and credibility. It began as a reaction to mistrust in mainstream media.the aim of citizen participation was to provide accurate, reliable and relevant information in line with the ethos of a democratic society. Another similar, and perhaps even more shocking incident was on May 8 2012 when Reuters distributed footage it lifted off of social networking sites claiming that it purports to show Syrian security beating detained protestors and holding guns to their heads. In this way, it avoids the omission of the great media event. The reliance on citizen journalism sets a dangerous precedent for the mainstream media. This will be done by referring to the many theories regarding journalism and mass media and how thy correspond with society using theories such as the normative press theories., This article is an argumentative piece in which the author tries to rationally present both sides of the argument as to whether the mass upsurge in what she has termed as citizens journalism: the average citizen publishing news and views on the internet, in the recent times, is beneficial or detrimental to our society. This limited access made it easier for the media outlets to reach many more people of all ages and social classes to recent events through the public airwaves(Patterson,p.260). The LCC have become a vital source of information to the mainstream media. The confusion over the name of the organization, its base, and its members is troubling, particularly since it has been one of the most frequently cited sources of information. This paper explores the role that citizen journalism is playing in democratising the mainstream media in Rwanda. The rise of citizen journalism has largely been made possible by modern technology. Syrian Rebels Continue Assassination Campaign, Killing 2 Military Officials.NYT. Newspapers across America have become so decimated by staff cutbacks that citizen journalists are stepping in to fill the gap in covering the news. Important Letter from the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights about Rami Abdul Rahman.Web Archive. However, in almost all the evaluated articles, information taken from the Syrian government or its news agency is placed in between quotation marks, whereas opposition statements are not, thereby indicating more incredulity towards government sources. They set the framework of information producing, involve TV, radio and newspapers. December 11, 2013. Similarly, Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of newsgathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcoming in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals . Even sources such as the SOHR and the LCC, which represent the majority of identifiable sources cited by the news organization, gather their information from unknown contacts. It is the public that helped confirm this was a bomb rather than a power surge. The impact that citizen journalism is currently having on journalism and will have on the future of journalism is indeed huge. The NYT cites the SOHR, run by Osama Suleiman under the pseudonym Rami Abdul Rahman, more than any other identifiable source in the sampled articles. The positives strongly outweigh the negatives. 16 Aug 2012: n. page. [26] According to the BBC, she was even interviewed by news organizations such as the Associated Press through online correspondence. As to what the future holds - as technology evolves, so will citizen journalism. They set the framework of information producing, involve TV, radio and newspapers. This is not a mere conjecture the process has already begun. Mainstream media, which sometimes are called elite media or agenda-setting media, can be defined as the media that are popular and available to the masses (Chomsky, 1997). Web. Therefore, they have taken measures to adapt to the rise of citizen journalists including adding interactive function, cooperating with blogs and widening resource orientations. Consequently, there was a curious transformation in the media where less access has resulted in more coverage. 6 Apr 2012: n. page. Social media users are able to document events in real time, and through video sharing and social networking websites are able to reach a huge amount of people in a short amount of time. Citizen journalists can be regarded as a representative of new media. These aspects, combined with the popularity of social networking sites such as Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter, have made it possible for people to easily access and share news at the tips of their fingers. 30 Jun 2011: n. page. The Syrian civil war has become the Achilles heel of the mainstream media. Mawad, Dalal. A further 8.6% of the cited sources were reached over telephone or Skype. Methodology The writer also claims that the veracity of this genre of journalism is not affected by the factors such as profitability, marketing image etc and this allows these accounts to be presented as unvarnished as possible. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Media reporting is no longer just television, radio and newspapers - it has become much more diverse.. As an anti-war person, she often condemned the Iraqi war at home via her blog on ordinary days. But since the RNR system launched on the Internet in 2012, . Digital media also gives readers the ability to instantly reach topics that are of interest to them, or may have the most impact on their lives. According to Shadids article, which ran in March 2011, many of the members work anonymously in fear of reprisal. This allows for footage shot to show material that wouldnt have been caught any other way. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet . Citizen journalism offers an opportunity for a better balance of reporting, as it allows ordinary people to fill in the gaps and form a fuller picture. McCombs, M., 2005. Further, based on the lack of informative content, it appears as if the presence of the footage in itself serves as a good story rather than support facts about the conflict. And they want us to think these companies are honest. While the researcher recognizes that the NYT is not representative of all mainstream media, it is used herein as a case study, a small sample of just one outlet broadly lumped with other news organizations typically considered part of the mainstream media. This paper will argue that this relationship does not provide a more objective and accurate image of the conflict and, further, has set a dangerous precedent to the mainstream media and its deteriorating verification process. [20] While the NYT article was careful to place the LCCs statement between quotation marks, it does raise concerns about the reliability of the LCC as a source and the accuracy of other death tolls cited by the group. This limited access to news media outlets made it much easier for politicians to reach people with one general statement., For decades the world has relied on journalism as a form of gathering news and, Due to the development of science and technology, the world is experiencing an information revolution. Marsh, Katherine. Amateur journalism is becoming more and more popular everyday with the advancement of technology. Mainstream media have realized that the public is in the leading position of mass media in the information society. It allows for an exchange of thoughts and ideas in a way that was never previously available. Because 80% of sources that were reached over the phone are identified as activists, it becomes necessary to identify with which organizations or groups these activists are affiliated in order to gauge the accuracy of the information they are communicating. [online] Exploringthenewmediaworld.blogspot.co.uk. They are no longer directed by the will of mainstream media and they pay more attention to their own interests. They not only have a great influence on society, but also have very strong economic strength. (2019, Jun 07). From the statement, it is evident that the LCC does not include the deaths of Syrian government loyalists in its body count, a fact the NYT does not bring attention to in any of the articles using the LCC as a source. Journalism Studies, 6(4), pp.543-557. 14 May 2013. A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future. The gunfight itself is not visible; instead the sound of gunshots is heard with no visibility of their source or what is happening on the ground. Web. Dont waste your time! Available at: [Accessed 20 April 2015]. [14] The article linked one audio recording and three video recordings. Through journalism (through a new developing phenomenon of citizen journalism in particular) people are considered by many members of society to have their voice. Abstract Another impact of the rise of citizen journalists for mainstream media is breaking the monopoly of language rights. With the advent of the Internet and converging media, journalist must compete with the rise of the amateur reporter. A lack of access, combined with a multitude of unverifiable sources, transformed the traditional media from a source of information to a source of speculation. The NYT published several articles pointing to issues with the coverage of the Syrian civil war and specifically pointed to Al Jazeera, which was once the paragon of news reporting in the Arab Uprisings, as a news network that reports virtually anything that puts the government in a bad light. People made similar claims about Al Jazeera over its coverage of the Syrian civil war, demonstrating how a lack of verification can damage a once-reputable news network. Social media can be a helpful tool for journalists as well as having some mixed effects on news distribution. As evidenced by the case of Omar Telawi and the narrative of the LCC, information reporting can be based on the political allegiance and interests of the sources. Both sides embrace and view with optimism this relationship between citizen journalists and the mainstream media; for the mainstream media, citizen journalists offer local scoops from the ground that would otherwise be inaccessible and, for citizen journalists, the mainstream media offers a platform to share their stories with the world. There is no doubt that the majority of sudden event news that mainstream media release will come from citizen journalists rather than professional journalists in the future. She presents the two opposing points of view; in which the proponents claim that this form of journalism is by the people for the people as they include both the users as well as the contributors of information due to which there is no apparent gap in perspective in emanation and subsequent interpretation. In an effort to revolutionalise mainstream media in Zimbabwe, digital survival strategies have been employed by newspapers where people can now read newspapers . the rise of citizen Journalism. It looks that the way forward will be a mixture of professional reporting combined with user submitted content to give a full picture of events and stories as they unfold. For instance, many large news organisations such as CNN, CBC and ABC have this function on their websites. 27 May 2012: n. page. Further, information taken from the SANA news agency generally appears very briefly at the end of the news article and usually only as a token means to contrast the general narrative of the story. There was an unprecedented rise of citizen journalism[1] in the mainstream media in the last few years[2]. Mainstream media workers are not happy with citizen journalism generally because it tends to undermine the authority they used to have in gate keeping or deciding what is to be covered. Citizen journalism has had a significant impact on the news industry. It should add to what traditional documentary makers and doing and not take away. -. It means that the masses are able to comment on news events published by mainstream media on the websites just as they do on the blogs. The audio recording was uploaded on the Hama2Free channel, which seems to be an anti-government channel. The second video is only identified with Ugarit through the organizations logo on the video. The history of citizen journalism . 2013. legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism." Citizen journalism is the reverse of the straight-jacket, near unilateral top-down communication system of the mainstream media. About the LCCS. LCC. The NYTs coverage of the Syrian conflict over the selected time periods revealed three main trends. Before taking the footage, the activist Omar Telawi generated smoke by setting a tire on fire below the camera position to give the illusion of smoke rising from a government airstrike. It seeks to answer is there any kind of discernible effect so far, and if so, if this influence consolidated. Journalists frame information, intentions to inform users and further their sphere of influence, along with their reliability as a, The Digital Age has bought about a change to the way we access and consume news. The Syrian governments ban on international reporters generated a growing dependence on citizen journalism. Digital technology, journalism and politics in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict (Thusiyan Nandakumar).- Part 3 The rise of citizen journalism and alternative media.- 9. In other words, they adopt various means to gather news sources, including encouraging citizens to offer the news and buying the news from citizens. Of London bombings on July 7th, 2005 ) news has started to a. 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