We believe that a broad initial search strategy and a structured method of qualitative content analysis helped address these limitations. Somerset House Nevertheless, the full range of ethical and humanitarian challenges experienced by humanitarian health organizationsespecially in conflict settingshas not been described. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.AJM_173_16, Article Social work grew out of humanitarian and democratic ideals, and its values are based on respect for . Records were qualitatively analyzed using an emergent thematic analysis approach that mapped challenges onto recognized ethical obligations and humanitarian principles. The organizational ethical obligation most frequently coded was providing the highest attainable quality of care and services. Privacy What Kind of Ethics is Humanitarian Ethics? Dev World Bioeth 2:109130, O'Callaghan S, Leach L (2014) The relevance of the fundamental principles to operations: learning from Lebanon. Practical Action Publishing, Sunga LS, Bell DA, Coicaud J-M (2006) Dilemmas facing NGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq. There are a host of ways that researchers take up and discharge this responsibility. Am J Disaster Med 4:261271, Hunt MR, Schwartz L, Sinding C, Elit L (2014) The ethics of engaged presence: a framework for health professionals in humanitarian assistance and development work. While humanitarian work has always presented unique ethical challenges, such efforts are now further complicated by the impact of globalization, the escalating refugee crisis, and mounting criticisms of established . 2017; Fouad et al. This research was funded by Elrhas Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) programme, funded equally by the Wellcome Trust and DFID, with Elrha overseeing the programmes execution and management. In light of solidarity being a more recently emergent principle lacking a single standard definition in the literature, for the purposes of coding, we employed a broad conception of solidarity that encompassed all of these possible uses. (Humanitarian ethics : a guide to the morality of aid in war and disaster) The Different Levels of Humanitarian Ethics Humanitarian ethics engages at three very different levels of practice: the intimate, the operational and the strategic. 2009; Rubenstein 2015), there has yet to be a comprehensive review focusing on ethics and humanitarian project closure. When threats to impartiality result in aid given to combatants (e.g., when threats of violence force health care workers to provide aid to combatants to prevent worse harm to others), organizations and workers may believe they are complicit in prolonging conflict (Fink 2007) and/or have violated their duty to be impartial (Geiger et al. CR made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study; the analysis and interpretation of the data; and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. statement and 2017). Political PrinciplesNeutrality and Independence At this stage, two major additions were made to the codebook. Int J Humanitarian Action 4, 15 (2019). For example, the ethical obligation to support a locally-led response could be in tension with the humanitarian principle of independence when local community members are aligned with one side of the conflict or another. Challenges to this obligation, founded on the ethical principle of beneficence, include disparities in the availability of facilities and supplies in conflict settings as compared to that of many workers home contexts (Baskett 1994; Bernthal et al. Without endorsing these as the best or only correct strategies, these are listed in Additional file 1: Appendix 4. The multi-faceted field of global ethics (which includes international ethics, global justice, and international political theory), on the other hand, has examined at length the specific issue of armed humanitarian intervention and the 'responsibility to protect' (Wheeler, 2000; Holzgrefe and Keohane, 2003; Bellamy, 2009). Ethics in action, pp 99116. Secure Access in Volatile Environments (SAVE), London. Violence against humanitarian health workers, which may result in death, is a persistent and pervasive contemporary problem (Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) 2019; Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition (SHCC) 2018). Dignity PrinciplesParticipation, Empowerment and Respect 5. The second session builds upon the first and introduces the four . The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between ethics and procurement performance of humanitarian organizations in Kenya. 2014; Civaner et al. Advancements in operational security (Egeland et al. For example, the ethical obligation of ensuring a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of aid supports fulfilling the humanitarian principle of impartiality. The principle is central to establishing and maintaining access to affected populations in natural disasters or complex emergency situations. In other instances, this intersection was found to be mutually supportive. Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotional reasons. The Humanitarian GoalHumanity and Impartiality Our review found multiple instances where ethical obligations and humanitarian principles intersect (Tables 3 and 4). The module will allow students to reflect upon the history and meaning of Humanitarianism and Humanitarian Engineering. Text passages were coded line-by-line using this scheme. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0364, Banatvala N, Zwi AB (2000) Conflict and health. 2014) could make it more difficult to manage material and personnel resources when delivering aid. It is now time to open the discussion about ethics and humanitarian-based principles regarding the work being done in countries affected by conflict and other disasters. The study draws on data from 70 humanitarian organizations and makes use of multiple regression models to deduce the relationship. 2011). Regarding tensions, for example, the duty to provide the highest quality care (which could require significant resources) could be in tension with the duty to humanity, i.e., to relieve suffering wherever it was found (which could require devoting fewer resources but to more individuals in need). Reference list review yielded an additional seven publications. In: Cahill KM (ed) The pulse of humanitarian assistance. First, observing this connection brings additional clarity to the nature of the challenges humanitarian organizations may face when operating in conflict settings. In the literature, solidarity has been defined in different ways to include concepts of political advocacy, human rights, shared suffering, and consultation with those affected (Hunt et al. Humanitarian Action (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, and London, 2002). Efforts to avoid violence, such as concentrating operations in safe or comparatively secure areas, preclude access or attention to the most vulnerable and in need (Haver 2016). Short-term humanitarian medical volunteerism has grown significantly among both clinicians and trainees over the past several years. 1993; Fouad et al. Soc Work Health Care 18:147159. How can an agency be impartial when its movement is restricted? 11. A total of 66 out of a possible 2077 retrieved records met inclusion criteria. 2014), and threats of violence or criminal prosecution against health workers (Blair 1996; Fouad et al. 2017; Hunt 2008; Hunt et al. Here, let me buy you a cup of . https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2013-000214, Black R (2003) Ethical codes in humanitarian emergencies: from practice to research? The display of images of suffering bodies confronts humanitarian with medical moral values and reveals their differences. Persistent Ethical Problems in Humanitarian Action The two primary categories were not mutually exclusive. It is also possible that meeting some obligations, such as those regarding open communications, locally-led responses, and respecting cultural norms, could require dedicated resources and deliberate planning that might detract from efforts to provide aid to all in a timely manner (a tension experienced even if this short-term loss is made up with longer-term benefits regarding sustainability). He was previously a senior research fellow at the Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict, which is based at Oxfords Blavatnik School of Government. - (Please find the details in UKRANIAN BELOW).The Humanitarian Ethics and Principles in Practice module is run as two 60 minute sessions. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Alderslade R (1995) Human rights and medical practice, including reference to the joint Oslo statements of September 1993 and March 1994. 2017; Haver 2016). 2011; MacCormack 2007; Poffley 2012; Slim 1995), the non-neutral conduct of partners (Egeland et al. Philosophical Perspectives, 23, Ethics, 2009 KANT AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION1 Thomas Hill University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in any . Matthew DeCamp. Prehosp Disaster Med 29:503507. The duty to care can be a legal obligation that employers must meet regarding their employees. Publications that described only clinical ethics issues (e.g., truth telling or informed consent) that were not strictly related to a conflict setting were excluded; this ensured a consistent focus on those issues salient to, and arising in, conflict settings. This funding source had no role in the design of this study, the analysis or interpretation of data and results, or the decision to write and submit the manuscript. We . Hugo Slim has written the essential handbook of ethical expertise for aid workers, aid organizations and students of ethics and humanitarianism. In addition, humanitarian workers themselves may struggle to feel they are in solidarity with local populations. Satisfied with the reliability of coding, the two study team members proceeded to independently code the remaining articles. Disasters 34(Suppl 2):S165S182. Non-transparency related to budgetary or programmatic decision-making was another commonly coded situation where independence could be in question. Regarding humanitarian principles, for instance, some organizations have maintained independence by refusing to accept funds conditional upon particular program changes or by investing and developing their own asset management strategies to avoid reliance upon, or sharing assets with, partisan groups. The decision to undertake research in a crisis warrants scrutiny. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X14000934, Rieffer-Flanagan BA (2009) Is neutral humanitarianism dead? Humanitarian principles originated more recently in operational, legal, and ethical frameworks for the Red Cross movement in its humanitarian activities; they have since been adopted by the United Nations and humanitarian organizations. Annex 3 The Humanitarian Charter International Humanitarian Affairs. 2015) might apply or be useful in settings where health care workers and facilities are themselves subject to persistent attack remains unknown. The Centre recommends three areas to support ethical data practice: Establish clear codes of conduct for ethical data management. First, the search included only English language publications. This module is the first module for all students, it is an introduction to humanitarian engineering looking from ethical, cultural, and practical perspectives. Appendix 1. J Int Humanit Action 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-019-0055-x, Civaner MM, Vatansever K, Pala K (2017) Ethical problems in an era where disasters have become a part of daily life: A qualitative study of healthcare workers in Turkey. This paper maps key research questions for humanitarian health ethics: the ethical dimensions of healthcare provision and public health activities during international responses to situations of humanitarian crisis and proposes strategies for advancing this research agenda. Frameworks for ethical decision-making have been proposed for humanitarian settings (Clarinval and Biller-Andorno 2014; Hunt 2008). The first concept block included 13 search terms: conflict, war, wars, warfare, revolution, revolutions, Arab spring, uprising, uprisings, cruelty, cruelties, or high-risk environments. The second block consisted of seven search terms: relief, relief work, aid, humanitarian, humanity, NGO, or NGOs. The third block included nine search terms: ethics, ethical, morality, professionalism, professional duties, neutrality, principles, independence, and accountability. The full search strategy can be found in Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Disasters 34(Suppl 2):S130S137. By using this website, you agree to our We collected the stories of ethical challenges reported by expatriate HCPs who participated in humanitarian and development work. 1993; Gastineau Campos and Farmer 2003; Haver 2016; MacCormack 2007; Weiss 2016) and internal constraints related to the need to sustain existing programs and staff (Michael and Zwi 2002) could affect organizations abilities to adjust resource management nimbly in response to ever-changing circumstances (Clarinval and Biller-Andorno 2014; Hurst et al. In the humanitarian principles category, the principle of solidarity was added as a node, as it was noted to be an emerging humanitarian principle. Considerations included how to develop trust, identify community representatives, partner with local organizations, and establish parameters for effective collaboration. Lancet 390:25162526. 2017; O'Callaghan and Leach 2014). Hugo Slim. The system does not reach everyone in need but it does succeed in reaching millions of people every year, delivering $18 billion of aid in 2013, and in . 2017; Haver 2016; Weiss 2016); and tensions arising between organizational, individual, and local beliefs and norms (Civaner et al. 1993; Fennell 1998; Fouad et al. Int Rev Red Cross 19:130149, Poffley R (2012) Holdstock-Piachaud Prize essay. Given the nature of our subject matterethics and humanitarian principles in conflict settingsand our goal to describe and categorize the range of issues arising, we did not assess the quality of included articles overall or of any specific statements or arguments presented. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X1500480X, Gardemann J (2002) Primary health care in complex humanitarian emergencies: Rwanda and Kosovo experiences and their implications for public health training. Organizations may fear that providing aid could unintentionally sustain conflicts (Banatvala and Zwi 2000; Black 2003; Clarinval and Biller-Andorno 2014; Duffield et al. Sometimes ethics is separated out from the methodological rigor of research. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12013, Hurst SA, Mezger N, Mauron A (2009) Allocating resources in humanitarian medicine. 2014). Springer Nature. Should one operate in camps for displaced people and refugees if they are effectively places of internment? Violent attacks not only violate international law (Rubenstein and Bittle 2010); they also create ethical challenges (Slim 2015). PLoS Curr 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.96bec99f13800a8059bb5b5a82028bbf, Cobey JC, Flanagin A, Foege WH (1993) Effective humanitarian aid. All authors agree to be accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work and gave final approval of the manuscript. Humanitarian principles are a set of principles that governs the way humanitarian response is carried out. 2017)an action that could present a challenge to the provision of high-quality care. The ethical obligations category drew upon existing literature on ethical issues for humanitarian organizations and humanitarian health practice generally, in pandemics (e.g., influenza and Ebola [Kass et al. This has led to some of the advances in ethics governance . A notable challenge to honest communication was the perception that open communications could subject organizational assets to additional risks (e.g., by subjecting them to further attacks) (Redwood-Campbell et al. Google Scholar, Asgary R (2015) Direct killing of patients in humanitarian situations and armed conflicts: the profession of medicine is losing its meaning. 1993; Duffield et al. Threats to the emergent humanitarian principle of solidarity were experienced in several ways. For example, some sources described situations where organizations were forced to choose between losing access to an entire population or yielding to demands of armed groups to give preferential treatment to their members. View 3 excerpts, cites background and methods. Third, our review did not include gray literature such as reports from think tanks, humanitarian organizations, and UN agencies, raising the possibility the other obligations and challenges have been identified. BMJ 321:101105. The precise ways in which ethical obligations are in tension or are mutually supportive are context dependent. General Assembly resolution 58/114 (2004) Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations. In the ethical obligations category, the obligation of appropriate acquisition and management of assets (including financial, material, and human assets) was added as a node (Civaner et al. Additionally, working with local populations could be seen as a tacit endorsement of an ideology or political view (Joshi et al. In humanitarian settings and more broadly from the standpoint of ethics, it more commonly refers to the recognized ethical obligation of organizations to foresee, prepare for, and mitigate the impacts of working in a complex, stressful, and sometimes dangerous environment. The thesis provides an in-depth investigation of the significance of specific ethical experiences for humanitarian aid work. To date, a single definition of humanitarianism has not been reached in a complex field that interweaves ethics, actions and dignity of human life. Many aspects could be highlighted. African Rights 5, Pictet J (1979) The fundamental principles of the Red Cross. Health workers may suffer bodily injury, psychological harm, economic loss, and even death. Copy the code below and paste it into your web site. The humanitarian sector lacked anything approaching a uniform code of visual ethics. Demonstrating respect for individuals and communities affected by crisis. 2017; Gardemann 2002; Haver 2016), it is nearly impossible to treat all potential beneficiaries equitably or reach those most in need. Confl Health 5:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-5-6, Mak K (2014) Principles of neutrality and impartiality of humanitarian action in the aftermath of the 2011 Libyan conflict. MD made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study; the analysis and interpretation of the data; and the drafting of the manuscript. While pursuing this goal, careful attention to both the ethics OF and ethics IN these research activities is a key responsibility for researchers, partnering organizations, RECs and funders. We explore the relationship between ethical obligations and humanitarian principles further in the Discussion section. Given these realities, the justificatory bar for research is high: If a study could be conducted in a non-crisis situation and still answer its research question, it should be. Careful attention is needed toward both the ethics OF research in humanitarian settings, that is the justification for launching a particular study and whether it is designed in an ethically robust manner, and ethics IN research, including attention to ethical considerations arising in the course of carrying out a study. Abstract. Violent threats, abduction, torture, and murder of humanitarian workers; blockade and theft of materials and supplies; and the elimination of access to or destruction of facilities also drastically impede humanitarian missions (Alderslade 1995; Blair 1996; Cobey et al. LR made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study; the analysis and interpretation of the data; and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. 2.1. Appropriate resource management strategies make it more likely that organizations can meet their obligations to deliver the highest possible quality of care (Banatvala and Zwi 2000; Blair 1996; Leaning et al. 2009; Omaar and de Waal 1994; Slim 1997a, b). . Red Cross neutrality: walking the tightrope of neutral humanitarianism. This obligation operated at the organizational management level (e.g., when an organization faces difficulties in maintaining a stable workforce). This systematic review is part of a larger project examining (via interviews and workshops) the organizational- and individual-level ethical challenges that humanitarian organizations have faced during the Syrian conflict. As the humanitarian enterprise faces some of its toughest challenges in trying to help people suffering from an unprecedented number of simultaneous conflicts and disasters around the world, Hugo Slim's new book Humanitarian Ethics: A Although ethical obligations of humanitarian health organizations and health workers may overlap, the focus of the codebook was the organizational level. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.270.5.632, de Waal A (2010) The humanitarians tragedy: escapable and inescapable cruelties. You can read our privacy policy here. The inability to recruit and retain skilled individuals can require organizations to fill essential staffing gaps with unqualified or untrained individuals (Fouad et al. 2019). It can also be demonstrated by providing information to participants about the results of a completed study, and by managing their data and biological samples with diligence and care. A particular challenge related to this obligation was concern over risk transfers, or situations where organizations might seek to mitigate their own risks or risks to their workers by transferring them to others (e.g., by assigning certain tasks to local individuals). Ethical practice, in short, is a byproduct of strong communication practices, dynamic feedback mechanisms, and community-centered project design, and if we do it well, we can open new pathways to effective, community-led innovation. An invaluable tool that should be in every humanitarians grab bag. Antonio Donini, editor of The Golden Fleece: Manipulation and Independence in Humanitarian Action, An informative text worth the attention of academics and professionals, and also those considering volunteering in places where governments and large NGOs have been found wanting. Socialist Review. Our decision to differentiate them for analysis was motivated by three considerations. Humanities Courses / Philosophy 103: Ethics - Theory & Practice Course . Our review identified a specific ethical concern regarding one way organizations might protect their own workers: risk transfers. Risk transfers, which occur when international or non-local actors transfer dangerous assignments to individuals outside their organization, usually to local actors (thereby meeting another ethical obligation regarding involving local communities), could meet the organizations obligation to protect its own workers at the expense of others safety (Egeland et al. The Charter also prohibits forceful interference against. 2017; Michael and Zwi 2002), and policies restricting the administration of care to select populations and blocking access to certain locations (Al-Moujahed et al. For instance, seen through the intersection of ethics and humanitarian principles, the obligation to involve local communities in humanitarian response relates to fundamental ethical obligations of justice that involve fairness in decision-making, may help facilitate respect for local community norms, and could improve an organizations ability to deliver aid to communities in need, thereby meeting humanitarian obligations of humanity. this edited volume from ayesha ahmad and james smith offers an expansive tour across the difficult landscape of ethical conundrums in humanitarian action, traversing issues related to "moral distress," triage and treatment of mental health and ebola patients, cross-border health provision, humanitarian failures, and humanitarianism's place in the Challenges to the principle of independence were also prevalent. The implications of this intersection are twofold. This can in turn aid organizational preparedness, including stimulating efforts to train and monitor humanitarian health workers and develop processes for addressing challenges in the field. Little analysis has been made of ethical challenges encountered by health care professionals (HCPs) participating in humanitarian aid work. The ethical framework of the International Association of Professionals in Humanitarian Assistance and Protection (PHAP) begins with recognition of the value of all human life. Cookies policy. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two study team members. Hugo Slim is a senior research fellow at the Las Casas Institute for Social Justice, Blackfriars Hall, University of Oxford. It's not easy to write about." Humanitarian organizations operating in resource scarce settings can also be perceived as lacking neutrality because of how they allocate resources and maintain secure access to those in need. 2017; Burkle Jr. et al. Int Rev Red Cross 95:287307. Yet, there is a serious debate between different. I am pleased to join in the conversation initiated by Donal OMathuna, and already taken up by Hugo Slim and Julian Sheather, on the ethics of evidence in humanitarian action. In addition, it lays the foundation for future efforts aimed at tailoring existing frameworks for ethical decision-making and evaluating different methods of navigating these complex challenges. Similarly, we excluded military ethics as not germane to humanitarian practice. 2012) may expand the breadth of humanitarian efforts in conflict settings, making this obligation ever more central. Annex 2 The Code of Conduct for NGOs in Disaster Relief Subscribers receive exclusive discounts and early access to new books from Hurst. What is humanitarian neutrality? A full summary table of qualitative findings with representative quotations can be found in Additional file 1: Appendix 4. In these workshops, for example, attendees viewed humanitarian principles more as motivating ideals, whereas ethical obligations were viewed as more specifically action-guiding. 5. An indispensable guide to the moral quandaries confronting those engaged in humanitarian action. Public health and humanitarian interventions: developing the evidence base. In this lesson, we will discuss the importance of ethics in humanitarian work and learn the terminologies needed to study and work in this domain. One aspect involves voluntary emergency aid overlapping with human rights advocacy, actions taken by governments, development assistance, and . Additionally, material scarcity and personnel shortages contribute to organizations limited efficacy of meeting the needs of beneficiaries (Hunt 2008). Featuring contributions from humanitarian practitioners, health professionals, and social and political scientists, this book explores the question of ethics in modern humanitarian work,. As the sector professionalises and bureaucratises, it will help aid workers, managers and leaders to understand why principles matter more than ever and how they can be used to make better choices. Hard ethics in humanitarian work. 2008). Getting the science right is an ethical responsibility. This paper reviews current approaches found in the engineering education literature to assess ethics instruction outcomes. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/shcchealthcare-dataset. Health Technol Assess 15:1164. 2011;5(1):91-9. Oxford University Press, New York, Sphere Project (2011) Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Julian Sheather rightly notes that researchers must treat participants with respect, and not just as grist for the research mill. This systematic review yielded three principal findings related to ethical and humanitarian challenges experienced by humanitarian health organizations in conflict settings. As described in our methods, coding of humanitarian principles and ethical obligations was not mutually exclusive. The edited collection's 29 authors are a community of . Ethical challenges and humanitarian principles were commonly co-coded. Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention - YouTube The UN Charter states that human rights is the responsibility of international society. There is a growing appreciation of the organizational responsibility to protect its workers and acknowledgement of the diminished ability to provide quality care due to security concerns when organizations operate within conflict settings (Asgary 2015; Banatvala and Zwi 2000; Fouad et al. Fulfilling the obligation to provide high-quality care requires explicit evaluation of outcomes, without which the quality cannot be assured (Al-Moujahed et al. Med Confl Surviv 28:113123. The increased emphasis in MSF on research led to the creation of an ethics review board (ERB) in 2001. Egeland J, Harmer A, Stoddard A (2011) To stay and deliver: good practice for humanitarians in complex security environments. At a few organizations, I was the first person to bring up the need for visual ethics guidelines. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. It aims to help humanitarians around the world to respond effectively and in good conscience to the many ethical dilemmas that face them in their vital work to save and protect human life. 1989; Madhiwalla and Roy 2009). Our only hope for intervention in civil war. For example, when does working closely with a warring party or an immoral regime move from practical cooperation to complicity in human rights violations? The paper seeks to recognise the difficult moral choices relief agencies are facing today and gives some practical guidelines to relief agency staff when confronting the ethics of a given situation, and introduces some basic moral principles surrounding the key ethical notions of action consequences and moral responsibility. Disasters 27:95108, Blair L (1996) Medical ethics during genocide. N Engl J Med 321:11361140. ABSTRACT. 2017; Rieffer-Flanagan 2009; Slim 1995). Neutrality is the duty that humanitarian actors must not take sides in a conflict. (DOCX 54 kb). The 2014-15 Ebola outbreak in West Africa highlighted that methodological approaches need to be carefully attuned to the context of humanitarian research. In: Zwitter A, Lamont CK, Heintze H-J, Herman J (eds) Humanitarian action: global, regional and domestic legal responses. Humanitarian Deliberation This is a qualitative study drawing on Grounded. London WC2R 1LA. 2014). In my comments here, I focus on the second point Donal raised in his original post: the importance of addressing ethical considerations in why and how evidence is generated especially for humanitarian research. 2017; Egeland et al. Principles and ethics. Data were managed using NVivo software (QSR International Pty Ltd., Version 11.x, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2007.07.010, Kass N, Kahn J, Buckland A, Paul A, and the Expert Working Group (2019) Ethics guidance for the public health containment of serious infectious disease outbreaks in low-income settings: lessons from Ebola. Two study team members qualitatively analyzed the included articles using a thematic editing style (Campbell et al. 3. Violent attacks can also discourage extending humanitarian assistance to where it is most needed. Protecting and caring for health workers (i.e., the duty to care) is another recognized obligation of humanitarian organizations. California Privacy Statement, For example, researchers may use creative means, such as a white noise machine to ensure that interviews about sensitive topics cannot be overheard even in a crowded refugee camp. Unfortunately, when this occurs, it can also create a proximity effect that casts doubt upon the independence of other humanitarian organizations (Civaner et al. This obligation was discussed in 52/66 (79%) of sources and was also the most frequently assigned code. The humanitarian principle most frequently noted as challenging to uphold was neutrality (the duty that humanitarian actors must not take sides in a conflict). Terms and Conditions, We therefore conducted a scoping review to identify how academic and gray . Fordham University Press and The Center for International Humanitarian Cooperation, New York, pp 2240, Fouad FM et al (2017) Health workers and the weaponisation of health care in Syria: a preliminary inquiry for The Lancet-American University of Beirut Commission on Syria. 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